不同覆盖栽培对马铃薯根际土壤细菌多样性、酶活性及化学性状的影响

Effects of Different Mulching Cultivation on Bacterial Diversity,Enzyme Activity and Physicochemical Properties of Potato Rhizosphere Soil

为探讨不同覆盖栽培下冬作马铃薯根际土壤微生态环境变化的规律和增产机理,本研究采用高通量测序与传统土壤学相结合的方法,分析不同覆盖栽培[黑地膜覆盖(BFM)、稻草覆盖(RSM)和常规栽培(CK)]对土壤细菌群落结构多样性、酶活性、化学性状、马铃薯生长等方面的影响。结果表明,与RSM和CK相比,BFM提高了根际土壤细菌Chao1指数、生长前期变形菌门和生长后期的酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门、芽单胞菌属及整个生育期鞘氨醇单胞菌属相对丰度;同时显著提高了整个生育期酸性磷酸酶活性、速效钾含量(除成熟期与RSM差异不显著)。苗期,BFM的土壤有机质、速效磷含量分别比RSM显著提高了28.45%、29.62%,比CK显著提高了13.29%、16.62%;块茎膨大期,BFM的土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别比RSM显著提高了18.71%、17.44%,比CK显著提高了158.32%、45.54%;BFM大薯率、产量分别比CK显著提高了20.15%、17.90%。相关性分析表明,土壤细菌多样性指数与碱解氮含量、速效钾含量、有机质含量、pH值呈正相关关系。综上,不同栽培模式根际土壤细菌多样性与酶活性相互影响,共同维持土壤质量;黑地膜覆盖能明显改善根际土壤微生态环境,提高土壤生物活性和养分有效性,促进植株生长发育,最终提高马铃薯产量。本研究为有效指导广西冬作马铃薯生产提供了理论依据。

In order to investigate the variation of micro-ecological environment in rhizosphere soil and yield increasing mechanism of winter potato under different mulching cultivation. The effects of different mulching cultivations(Black Film Mulching, BFM;Rice Straw Mulching, RSM and Conventional Cultivation, CK) on soil bacterial community structure diversity, enzyme activity, physical and chemical properties and potato growth were analyzed by using the method of combining high-throughput sequencing with soil science. The results showed that, compared with RSM and CK, the influence of BFM on the above aspects was mainly as follows: first, BFM could improve the index of Chao1 bacteria in rhizosphere soil and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in early growth stage, Acidobacteria and Genmmatimonadetes in the later growth stage, and Sphingomonas in the whole growth stage.At the same time, BFM significantly increased the activity of acid phosphatase and the content of available potassium. The contents of organic and available phosphorus content of BFM were significantly higher than RSM and CK in seedling stage, of which the organic content raised by 28.45% and 13.29%, and the content of available phosphorus increased by 29.62% and 16.62%, respectively. And the tuber swelling stage, the activities of sucrase and catalase of BFM were significantly higher than RSM and CK, of which the activities of sucrase raised by 18.71% and 158.32%, and the activities of catalase raised by 17.44% and 45.54%, respectively;At the same stage the rate of big potato and yield of BFM were increased by 20.15% and 17.90% more than that of RSM and CK, respectively. It was showed that soil bacterial diversity index was positively correlated with alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, available potassium, organic matter and pH value. In conclusion, the bacterial diversity and enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil under different cultivation modes were mutually affected to maintain soil quality;black film mulching could improve the microecological environment of rhizosphere soil, increase soil biological activity and nutrient availability, and enhence the plant growth and development, the end result was an eventual increase in potato production. This study provides a theoretical basis for the effective guidance of winter potato production in Guangxi.