人工智能伦理的两种进路及其关系

On Two Approaches to Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Their Relationships

与传统技术伦理相比,人工智能伦理在研究进路、研究领域、研究层次上都有了新的进展,原有的以批判为主的研究架构已经不能完全涵盖当今的研究格局。人工智能伦理逐渐形成“外在主义”和“内在主义”两种互补的研究进路,其中,“外在主义”进路主要是对人工智能所引发的社会伦理进行批判性的反思,并制定相应的伦理规则来规约人工智能的发展,而“内在主义”进路主要关注人工智能的道德能动性以及如何在人工智能中嵌入道德原则,利用人工智能解决社会伦理问题。由此可见,“外在主义”和“内在主义”两种进路在治理手段和治理对象上实现了互换,是具有本质区别的两种进路,但二者并非对立和排斥的关系,而是相互补充与嵌套的关系,它们就如人工智能伦理的双翼,共同构成人工智能伦理完整的研究架构。

Compared with traditional ethics of technology,contemporary ethics of Artificial Intelligence(AI)hasmade new progress in terms of research approach,research field and research level.Its original research structure based on criticism can no longer fully cover the current research paradigm.At present,ethics of AI has formed two complementary approaches to“externalism”and“internalism”.The former uses ethics togovern social problems caused by AI,in which ethics is themeans ofgovernance and AI is the object ofgovernance;the latter uses AI togovern ethical problems,in which AI is themeans ofgovernance and ethics problems are the object ofgovernance.The two approaches are interchangeable inmeans and objects,but they are not antagonistic and exclusive,but complementary and nested.They look like the two wings of a bird,constituting the complete framework of ethics of AI.