摘要
The deep ocean below 2000 m is a large water body with the sparsest data coverage,challenging the closure of the sea-level budget and the estimation of the Earth’s energy imbalance.Whether the deep ocean below 2000 m is warming globally has been debated in the recent decade.However,as the regional signals are generally larger than the global average,it is intriguing to investigate the regional temperature changes.Here,we adopt an indirect method that combines altimetry,GRACE,and Argo data to examine the global and regional deep ocean temperature changes below 2000 m.The consistency between high-quality conductivity-temperature-depth(CTD)data from repeated hydrographic sections and our results confirms the validity of the indirect method.We find that the deep oceans are warming in the Middle East Indian Ocean,the subtropical North and Southwest Pacific,and the Northeast Atlantic,but cooling in the Northwest Atlantic and Southern oceans from 2005 to 2015.
基金
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41904081).
