马克思政治经济学批判对正义问题的重构

Reconstruction of Justice by Marx’s Critique of Political Economy

马克思的历史唯物主义和政治经济学批判本身内含着审视正义问题的新视野。事实与价值二分法所呈现的正义问题有其产生的深刻历史背景,这种二分法不仅构成了古典正义与自由主义正义分析的基本前提,也从侧面表征出人类进入现代社会所产生的伦理道德危机。马克思在政治经济学的分析框架内,从整体上对社会的规范正义进行批判和反思,《资本论》中关于劳动二重性的分析不仅从“是”的层面揭示了资本主义交易的形式正义何以产生,也从“应当”的角度证明了资本主义生产方式的实质不正义性。马克思关于正义问题的政治经济学分析综合了正义问题的事实与价值二分,将正义问题的理论形式和法权形式转化并重构为社会发展与个性发展的历史趋势性问题,进而为人类社会可能迈向更高阶段的历史正义提供了历史科学阐明。从思想史逻辑来看,青年马克思所预设的“强规范性原则”,在政治经济学批判中被“再生产”为历史科学自身合理抽象得出的“弱规范性推论”。

Marx’s critique of historical materialism and political economy itself contains a new perspective to examine justice.The problem of justice presented by the dichotomy of fact and value has its profound historical background.This dichotomy not only constitutes the basic premise of analyses of classical justice and liberal justice,but also reflects the ethical crisis caused by human entering modern society from the side.Within the analytical framework of political economy,Marx criticized and reflected on the normative justice of society as a whole.The analysis of labor duality in[WTBX]Das kapital[WTBZ]not only reveals how the formal justice of capitalist transaction comes into being from the level of“yes”,but also proves the substantive injustice of capitalist production mode from the perspective of“ought”.Marx’s analysis of political economy on the issue of justice combines the fact and value of the issue of justice,transforms and reconstructs the theoretical form and legal power form of the issue of justice into the historical trend of social development and personality development,and thus provides a historical scientific explanation for the historical justice that human society may move towards a higher stage.From the logic of ideological history,the“strong normative principle”presupposed by young Marx was“reproduction”in the critique of political economy as the“weak normative inference”derived from the reasonable abstraction of historical science itself.