明至民国时期湖南森林开发利用变迁及原因探析

Study on the Changes and Reasons of Forestry Development in Hunan Province from Ming Dynasty to the Republic of China

湖南省是我中国南方重要的木材产地之一,境内各族人民都有着悠久的人工造林历史,但在明代前未形成产业和规模。自明代以来,随着木材商品化和山区开发程度的加深,以杉木、油桐、油茶等高经济价值树种为代表的人工林大面积地取代了原始阔叶林。至民国时期,林业规模和产量空前扩大,并依托“四水”不断向外出口。湖南森林开发利用方式从原始粗放的采伐向规模化人工培植转型的原因,主要可归结为林木采伐和贸易、政府调控和管理、移民与山地垦殖、外来作物的传入、营林技术的发展这几个方面。

Hunan is one of the important forestry areas in southern China.The people of all ethnic groups had a long history of artificial afforestation,but it had not industrialized before the Ming Dynasty.With commercialization of timber and the development of mountainous areas,the original broad-leaved forest was gradually replaced by plantation with high economic value tree species such as Chinese fir,tung oil tree,oil-tea camellia.In the period of the Republic of China,the scale and output of forestry expanded unprecedentedly,and it was exported continuously relying on"the Four Waters".The reasons for the transformation of Hunan’s forest development and utilization mode from primitive felling to large-scale artificial plantation could be attributed to five reasons:timber felling and trade,government regulation and management,immigration and mountain reclamation,spreading of maize and sweet potatoes,and the development of afforestation techniques.