论晚清差役在禁毁小说戏曲活动中的执法与犯法

The Study on the Corvees'Executing and Breaking the Law in the Activity of Banning Novels and Operas in Late Qing Dynasty

差役是晚清官方查禁小说戏曲活动的主要执法者,他们通过传达、侦查、制止、传讯、拘捕、质证、行刑、销毁、护卫等方式参与查禁。地方官则通过选派干差、签票为凭、减少下乡、亲自督率、奖赏激励、劝善教化、问责惩处等方式加强对差役的纪律控制,但效果相当程度上被恶性循环的吏役制度所抵消,差役肆意勒索、受贿包庇、勾连违禁、带头违禁成为普遍现象。差役的查禁活动对小说戏曲发展而言犹如双刃剑,他们执法犯法、取消禁令,为小说戏曲发展提供了一定空间;他们受贿勒索、牟取规费,迫使从业者依恃公权或寻求庇护,甚至形成行业潜规则,又不利于小说戏曲的发展。变革和超越差役参与的小说戏曲管理制度,成为中国传统文艺管理制度近代转型的重要内容。

The corvees are the important assurance in the activities of official banning novels and operas in late Qing Dynasty.They take part in the activities by transmitting,detecting,preventing,citing,arresting,confronting,executing,destroying and guarding,etc.Meanwhile,the magistrates supervise the corvees to implement the policy through selecting able corvees,issuing summons,reducing the rate of going to the countryside,supervising in person,awarding and encouraging,cultivating and moralizing,and punishing them with accountability.But the supervision is offset quite a bit by vicious circle corvee system with a common phenomenon that the police officers extort money wantonly,take bribes to cover up,collude with and take the lead in illegal activities.The corvees'activity is a double-edged sword for the development of novels and operas.On one hand,they provide a certain space for the development by breaking the law.On the other hand,their bribery and extortion compelling the practitioners to seek public rights or other shields that hidden rules are even formed in some areas,which do harm to the development.It is the important content of management system of literature and art from tradition to modern times in China that sublate and overstep the corvees'management system on novels and operas.