演化与共生:易卜生戏剧中的伦理哲思及其价值考辨

Evolution and Symbiosis:Ethical Philosophy and Its Value in Ibsen’s Plays

从历时与共时的人类文明视角,易卜生戏剧始终保持着对伦理命题的宏观探索。他在深入思考北欧历史的伦理演化、挪威共同体伦理建构以及人与自然界的伦理结构关系等问题的过程中,逐渐形成了演化与共生的思想,二者皆源于作家“在高处”的人生态度和世界体验。前者从伦理制度、制度伦理以及伦理观念三个层面,揭示了人类在不同社会发展阶段做出伦理选择的历史进程,修正和补充了19世纪盛行的社会进化学说。后者围绕斯堪的纳维亚地区的民族生态,试图勾勒出权利共享与精神互进的普遍理想,虽然对西方传统的共同体伦理体系起着推陈出新的作用,但并未跳出资产阶级知识分子固有的改良模式。

From the diachronic and synchronic perspective of human civilization,Ibsen’s plays always keep the macroscopic exploration of the ethical proposition.In the process of thinking deeply about the ethical evolution of the Nordic history,the construction of the ethics of the Norwegian community and the ethical structural relationship between man and nature,he gradually formed the ethical thoughts of evolution and symbiosis,both of which originated from his attitude towards life and personal experience,namely,“on the highland”.The former reveals the historical process of ethical choice made by human beings in different stages of social development from three aspects of ethical system,institutional ethics and ethical concepts,while modified and supplemented the social evolution theory prevailing in the 19th century.Centering on the national ecology of Scandinavia,the latter attempts to outline the universal ideal of sharing rights and mutual spiritual progress,while brought forth the western traditional community’s ethical system,but without escaping from the inherent modified model of bourgeois intellectuals.