死者人格保护的伦理基础--兼论《民法典》第994条同第185条的体系调适

The Ethical Foundation of the Protection of the Deceased’s Personality:Also on the System Adjustment of“Article 994”and“Article 185”of the Civil Code

死者人格保护问题上存在诸多理论解释方案,其中以“近亲属保护”说为通说。《民法典》颁布后,该问题既有解释方案或因存在理论体系上的漏洞,或因不再符合现实的保护要求而无法通过逻辑周延性标准、体系严密性标准及客观现实性标准的三重检验,亟须构建新的理论诠释框架。死者人格保护的价值基座在伦理领域,表现为一种普遍的道德义务为所有生者遵守,该道德义务通过上升为法定义务的方式为民法吸纳。以《民法典》第994条为一般条款,第185条为特殊条款可以构建起死者人格保护的规范体系,条文表述不同反映现实不同的伦理取向,但不影响二者统一于共同的公共利益维护之目的。以此为基础,未来死者人格保护的规范体系存在进一步类型化的潜力及可能。

There are many theoretical explanations for the protection of the deceased’s personality,among which the theory of“protection of close relatives”is the most general one.After the Civil Code was promulgated,the existing interpretations on this issue may have loopholes in the theoretical system,or it is no longer meeting the realistic protection requirements and fail to pass the logical standard,the system standard,and the reality standard.The triple test requires the construction of a new theoretical interpretation framework and the value foundation of the protection of the deceased’s personality is in the ethical field,which is manifested as a universal moral obligation for all living persons to observe.This moral obligation is absorbed by the Civil Law in raising it to a legal obligation.Taking“Article 994”of the Civil Code as the general protection and“Article 185”as the special protection,it can build a normative system for the protection of the deceased’s personality.The different expressions of the provisions reflect different ethical orientations in reality,but do not affect the unity in the maintenance of common public interests.Based on these,the normative system for the protection of the deceased’s personality in the future has the potential and possibility of further categorization.