中国在东北亚区域的贸易竞争力研究——基于比较生产力的视阈

A Study on China’s Trade Competitiveness in Northeast Asia:From the Perspective of Comparative Productivity

党的十九届五中全会提出,在"十四五"时期要着力增强对外贸易综合竞争力,加快构建国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局。贸易在经济发展中的作用非常重要,曾被称为"增长的引擎",而贸易竞争力则是经济发展和国际贸易的核心范畴。传统意义上的贸易竞争力指数分析仅是从单一维度来考察问题,尚存在明显缺陷;而基于比较生产力视阈的贸易竞争力则是一个将生产与交易紧密联系起来,依托国际分工和世界市场等,具有多层次、综合性的比较生产力范畴。当前中国在对东北亚区域的贸易中存在一定优势,但也存在制约贸易竞争力提高的问题。从基于比较生产力视阈的贸易竞争力来看,存在的主要问题包括贸易的空间结构不优、产业集群化程度不高,贸易的技术含量不高、创新能力尚有待提升,贸易的附加价值偏低、赢利水平尚有待提升等问题。针对存在的主要问题寻求解决之道,只有加强分工协作、形成有竞争力的产业集群,扩展新兴领域、提高产业的自主创新能力,促进产业升级、提高贸易产品的附加价值等路径选择,才能实行高水平对外开放,构建新发展格局。

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee proposed that in the period of the 14th five year plan,efforts should be made to enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of foreign trade and speed up the construction of a new development pattern of domestic and international double circulation and mutual promotion.Trade plays a very important role in economic development,once known as the "engine of growth",and trade competitiveness is the core category of economic development and international trade.The traditional analysis of trade competitiveness index is only from a single dimension,which has obvious defects;while the trade competitiveness based on comparative productivity is a multi-level and comprehensive comparative productivity category,which closely links production and trade,relies on international division of labor and world market.At present,China has some advantages in trade with Northeast Asia,but there are also problems restricting the improvement of trade competitiveness.From the perspective of trade competitiveness based on comparative productivity,the main problems include the poor spatial structure of trade,the low degree of industrial cluster,the low technology content of trade,the lack of innovation ability,the low added value of trade,the lack of profitability and so on.Only by strengthening the division of labor and cooperation,forming a competitive industrial cluster,expanding emerging areas,improving the ability of independent innovation,promoting industrial upgrading and increasing the added value of trade products,can we implement high-level opening up and build a new development pattern.