权力代表性、地位竞争性与关系排他性——影响组织社会资本形成的因素

Power Representation,Status Competition and Guanxi Exclusiveness:Three Factors in Shaping Organizational Social Capital

既有对组织间关系的研究疏于探讨组织合作的微观基础,缺乏对个体与组织两个层次的勾连,也未能揭示影响组织社会资本形成的条件与要素。本研究采用时人书信、文集、年谱、日记和报刊等资料,对晚清两个出版机构——商务印书馆和中外日报馆之间的合作与人际关系网络做了探索性分析,呈现阻碍个体社会资本"组织化"的三个因素,即个体权力对于组织的代表性、个体地位在组织中面临的竞争性,以及个体间关系的排他性。具体来说,个体对组织的代表性越强,个体社会资本就越可能转变为组织社会资本;个体在组织内地位面临的竞争越强,其独占社会关系的动机也越强,个体资本也就越难转化成组织社会资本;当个体间社会关系是约束性的强关系,或是附着于核心技能岗位时,此类人际关系的排他性会比较强,较难外溢,也就难以形成组织间连带。本研究回应了行动者与结构之间的关系,并在一定程度上拓新了组织间关系和社会资本理论。

Existing literature on inter-organizational relations(IOR)rarely links the individual and organizational social capital and fails to address the micro-foundation of organizational cooperation.Based on diaries,letters,chronology,periodicals,and work collections,this study explores a 4-year collaboration case between two renowned publishing agencies--the Commercial Press and Universal Gazette.We delineate three major factors that impede the formation of organizational social capital during the collaboration which leads to the abrupt break-up of these two agencies:(a)the extent to which the individual can effectively represent the organization to exercise his/her organizational power;(b)the degree of status competition the individual faces within an organization;and(c)the extent to which the inter-personal relation is exclusive.We find that the more an individual can act on behalf of an organization,the more likely individual’s social capital turns into organization-level social capital;the more fierce status competition an individual faces within the organization,the less likely his/her individual social capital would spill over to other members within the organization,thus less likely to form corporate social capital;individual social capital tied to core technical position is more portable,and thus less likely to turn into corporate social capital;and individual social capital tied to bonding relations is more exclusive and less likely to turn into corporate social capital,compared with that tied to bridging relations.This study addresses the classic sociological question on agent-structure relation and theoretically contributes to the inter-organizational relation and social capital literature.