灵芝孢子粉在免疫调节中的作用及机制研究进展

Research Progress on Effects and Mechanism of Ganoderma Lucidum Spore Powder in Immunomodulation

灵芝孢子(Ganoderma lucidum spore)是灵芝成熟后由菌盖中释放的卵型生殖细胞,具有灵芝全部的活性物质。灵芝孢子粉中主要的活性物质包括三萜类化合物和多糖,具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、免疫调节及脏器保护等多种药理功能。本综述总结灵芝孢子粉(Ganoderma lucidum sporepowder)在免疫调节上的作用、机制,及其相关研究进展。查阅灵芝孢子粉在免疫调节作用上的国内外文献,对其临床实验及动物实验结果分别进行阐述;总结灵芝孢子粉的作用机制,包括灵芝孢子粉对各类免疫细胞的作用,对程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(Programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)蛋白的影响,及对肠道菌群的调节作用;对灵芝孢子粉中有效物质组成进行归类分析,并汇总已上市的灵芝孢子粉产品。灵芝孢子粉具有显著的免疫调节活性,能有效提高临床肿瘤患者和小鼠的免疫能力。灵芝孢子粉的免疫调节功能主要通过直接或间接作用于免疫细胞实现的。灵芝孢子粉不仅能促进淋巴细胞的增殖、增强巨噬细胞吞噬能力、促进自然杀伤细胞(Natural killer,NK)细胞活化和树突细胞分化,也能促进细胞因子的释放,从而发挥免疫调节能力。此外,灵芝孢子粉也能调控PD-1蛋白表达及调节肠道菌群平衡。三萜类化合物及多糖等活性成分在灵芝孢子粉的免疫调节功能中发挥了重要作用。灵芝孢子粉的免疫调节活性为其增强机体免疫力、抵抗肿瘤等方面提供了潜在的应用价值,这主要是通过直接作用免疫细胞、调节细胞因子释放实现的。本文为灵芝孢子粉及其单一成分的药物研究和开发提供了理论依据。

Ganoderma lucidum spore is an oviform germ cell released from the germ cap of Ganoderma lucidum after maturation,and it has all the active substances of Ganoderma lucidum spore. The main active substance in powder of Ganoderma lucidum spore includes triterpenes and polysaccharides,which have a variety of pharmacological functions such as anti-tumor,anti-inflammation,immune regulation and organ protection. In this review,the effects,mechanisms and related research progress of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder on immunomodulation are summarized. Literatures on immunomodulation of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder have been reviewed,and its clinical experiment and in vivo data have been described respectively. This paper summarizes the mechanism of action of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder,including the effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder on various immune cells,the effect of programmed cell death protein 1( PD-1) protein,and the regulation of gut microbiota. The effective substance composition of Ganoderma spore powder is classified and analyzed,and the listed Ganoderma spore powder products have shown in the paper. Ganoderma lucidum spore powder has significant immunomodulatory activity,and can effectively improve the immunomodulatory ability of clinical tumor patients and experimental mice. The immunomodulation function of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder is mainly achieved by regulating immune cells directly or indirectly. Ganoderma lucidum spore powder can promote the proliferation of lymphocytes,enhance phagocytic ability of macrophages,promote natural killer cell activation and differentiation of dendritic cell,as well as promote the release of cytokines,developing immune regulation ability thereby. In addition,Ganoderma lucidum spore powder can decrease the expression of PD-1 and controlling gut microbiota. Triterpenoids and polysaccharides play an important role in immune regulation of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder. The immunomodulatory activity of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder provides potential application value for enhancing body immunity and resisting tumor,which is realized by directly regulating immune cells and releasing cytokines. This paper indicates the theoretical basis for the drug research and development of Ganoderma spore powder and its active ingredients.