从清净心到平常心:论唐宋文化转型中的禅宗与文人心态

From a Pure Heart to a Normal Heart:Study on Zen and Literati Mentality in the Cultural Transformation of the Tang and Song Dynasties

唐宋文人心态的转化是唐宋文化转型的重要一环,它由一系列复杂的内外因素合力驱动,其中一个重要方面就是禅宗思想对文人心态的影响与重构。为追求心灵彻底的自由解脱,王维皈依佛教禅宗;北宗禅清净心体悟使他的心灵摆脱世俗各种烦恼的干扰,这实质上是对陶潜所追求的自由心的重构。清净心固然能使人摆脱世俗烦恼的困扰,但这种理想境界终究脱离日常生活太远。白居易、苏轼等人意识到清净心的困窘,他们从解脱日常烦恼的初衷出发,接受了南宗禅的平常心,将目光从理想的清静世界拉回平庸的日常生活,这实质上也是对理想清净心的重构。从自由心到清净心,再到平常心,禅宗在不断追求转化中重构了唐宋文人心态。这种转化体现在诗文中,就是从王维诗歌对理想清静之境的抒写衍变为白居易、苏轼诗文中闲适畅达心态的展露。文人心态从清净心到平常心的转化,显示了唐宋文化转型复杂形态中理想情怀被务实理性所取代的那一面相。

The transformation of literati mentality in Tang and Song Dynasties was an important link in the cultural transformation of Tang and Song Dynasties.It was driven by a complex combination of internal and external factors,and one of the important aspects was the influence and reconstruction of Zen thought on the literati mentality.In order to pursue complete spiritual freedom,Wang Wei converted to Zen Buddhism.The pure mind understanding of Northern Zen made his mind free from all kinds of troubles and interference of the secular.This was essentially a reconstruction of Tao Qian′s pursuit of freedom.Although a pure mind can get rid of worldly troubles,yet this ideal state is ultimately far from daily life.Bai Juyi,Su Shi and others realized the embarrassment of pure heart,and they accepted the normal heart of the Southern Zen from the original intention of getting rid of the daily troubles,and pulled their eyes back to the ordinary daily life from the ideal quiet world.In essence,it was also the reconstruction of the ideal pure heart.From the free mind to the pure mind,and then to the normal mind,Zen reconstructed the literati mentality in the transformation of the Tang and Song Dynasties.This transformation was reflected in the poems and proses,which was the transformation from the expression of Wang Wei′s poetic ideal of a quiet place to the display of Bai and Su′s relaxed and carefree state of mind.The transformation of literati′s mind from pure heart to ordinary heart showed that in the complex form of cultural transformation in Tang and Song Dynasties,ideal feelings were replaced by pragmatic rationality.