宫崎市定“五霸皆夷狄论”考辨

A Textual Research on Miyazaki Shitei’s“Five Hegemonies Are All Barbarians”

日本京都学派东洋史家宫崎市定在《东洋的朴素主义民族与文明主义社会》《中国史》中均提出“五霸皆夷狄论”,立论依据为五霸之国未遵循同姓不婚、出身于异民族、不服从周王朝统治、语言交流有碍、文化习俗不同等。若依照上述区别华夷之标准,在进行史料比对和史实核查后发现,齐桓公、晋文公并非夷狄,吴王阖闾或夫差、越王勾践位居华夷之间,楚庄王虽自称夷狄但有其特殊语境。因此,“五霸皆夷狄”之说并不成立。究其根本,这是宫崎为了论证“朴素主义民族”对“文明主义社会”的挑战和征服,进而配合日本侵华国策而有意构建的反事实假说,这一假说的前提源于宫崎“文明二元论”中“夷”(朴素民族)优于“华”(文明社会)的先验预设。

Miyazaki Shitei,an oriental historian of the Kyoto School of Japan,put forward the theory of“the five hegemonies are all barbarians”in“The Naive Nation and Civilized Society of the East”and“History of China”.The argument was based on that the five hegemonies did not marry unless you follow the same surname,were from a different nationality,did not obey the rule of the Zhou Dynasty,impeded language communication,different cultural customs,etc.If according to the above criteria for distinguishing between Huayi,after comparing historical data and verifying historical facts,it is found that Qi Huan Gong and Jin Wengong are not Yidi,Wu Wang Helu or Fu Chai,Yue Wang Goujian is among Huayi,although Chu Zhuang Wang called himself Yidi,it had its special context.Therefore,the theory of“the five hegemonies are all barbarians”does not hold.Fundamentally,this is a counterfactual hypothesis deliberately constructed by Miyazaki in order to demonstrate the challenge of the“naive nation”to the“civilized society”and to cooperate with Japan’s national policy of aggression against China.