启蒙之后和后启蒙——马尔库塞的技术理性批判与大拒绝理论

After Enlightenment and Post-Enlightenment—On Herbert Marcuse's Critique of Technological Rationality and Theory of Great Refusal

马尔库塞以“否定性思维”作为其理性概念的内核和批判发达工业社会的地基。他追溯柏拉图的辩证逻辑和亚里士多德的形式逻辑,引出发达工业社会如何以数理逻辑和符号逻辑塑造了技术合理性,用肯定性思维和控制逻辑取消了否定性思维和辩证逻辑,导致了工具主义和操作主义的滥觞。技术理性扩展到人的日常生活和思维领域,与政治理性共谋对人的操纵,在资本逻辑与政治控制的结合、消费需求的虚假化、话语方式的单一化、文化的俗化中实现技术意识形态。面对被全面操控的单向度社会,马尔库塞提出用“艺术理性”作为历史替代性选择,在“艺术就是大拒绝”中突破技术谋划对人的支配,实现超越性发展。总体而言,马尔库塞提出的生活艺术更倾向于展示一种反对的姿态和斗争的策略,缺乏实际的行动和重建的引导。

Marcuse takes the negative thinking as the core of Reason and the foundation to criticize advanced industrial society.He looks hack to Plato's dialectic logic and Aristotle's formal logic,to discuss how the modem mathematical logic and symbolic logic lead to the technological rationality,and how the positive thinking take over the negative thinking.Spreading to the daily life and the spirit,technological rationality together with political rationality realizes the technological ideology by the combination of capital logic and political control,false needs,one-dimensional words and cultural secularization.Marcuse uses the rationality of art as the chance of historical alternatives to get out of the technological control and achieve the historical transcendence.On the whole,Marcuse's promotion of art of life just shows the position of opposition and the strategy of struggle,lacking the instruction of action.