中国国家博物馆藏三件六朝青铜器初探

A Study of Three Bronze Wares at the NMC Collection

中国国家博物馆藏一件提梁三足铜炉和两件龙首柄铜熏炉,通过梳理比较,提梁三足铜炉与湖北汉阳蔡甸、湖南攸县和安徽马鞍山朱然墓出土的三足铜盆形器最为相似,且承袭了东周到两汉时期金属炉常见的链状提梁,当属三国东吴时器,这类三足铜炉常与斗、壶(盉)和熨斗同出,内置木炭,可以为这类小型器适当加热和保温,功能类似暖炉,其提梁便于在居室内移动。两件龙首柄铜熏炉则与江苏镇江和南京象山晋墓出土的铜熏炉形制极似,当属东晋早期器,其中龙首柄铜熏炉乙乃是目前所见这类熏炉中形制、造型最为规整、精致者,但其柄上"上林宫铜熏炉"铭文字形与已见的上林器铭文字形有差异,有可能是伪铭。这类熏炉炉身受到了汉晋时期龙首柄熨斗器型的影响,便于手持,长柄下方钉状支架也使其可以平稳放置。参考满城汉墓出土的提笼熏炉和打虎亭汉墓画像石,推测这类熏炉可以放置于熏笼之内用于熏衣,熏香时其类似熨斗的底部可能还具有小范围熨烫衣物的功能。

This article studies three Six dynasties bronzes collected at the National Museum of China:a three-legged bronze lu[炉]with two chain loop handles and two bronze incense burners with a dragon-shaped handle.The bronze lu is similar with the basin-shaped bronzes found in tombs in Caidian,Hubei province,Youxian,Hunan province and Ma’anshan,Anhui province.It should be an Eastern Wu ware in the Three Kingdoms period,whose chain loop handles followed the tradition of the Warring States period and the Han dynasty.And this kind of lu was used as a warmer with charcoal inside.The two bronze incense burners with a dragon-shaped handle should be early Eastern Jin dynasty wares as they were similar with the burners found in the Jin tombs in Zhenjiang and Nanjing,Jiangsu province.Among all incense burners of its kind,one of the two NMC bronze incense burners is the most exquisite,but its inscriptions on the handle"上林宫铜熏炉"is probably counterfeited.The dragon-shaped handle could make the burner easy to hold,which was influenced by some flat iron and lantern handles.Meanwhile,the supporting nail under the handle keeps the burner stand and balance.With reference to related bronze wares and graphics on the Han dynasty stone relief,this kind of burner might have also worked partly as an iron.