环境争议中的知识生产——基于法铝集团海洋倾废案的考察

Knowledge Production in Environmental Controversies:An Investigation based on the Ocean Dumping Case of Pechiney

20世纪60年代,隶属于法铝集团的加尔达纳氧化铝厂通过修建陆地和海底管道,将大量铝土矿残渣(俗称“赤泥”)倾入地中海。为了使社会各界认可和接受该项目,法铝集团通过资助研究、话语重塑、诉诸权威、传媒运作、直观呈现等知识生产策略,试图将赤泥“无毒”“惰性”“无害”的论断合法化。半个多世纪以来,反赤泥的科学界人士和民间环保团体从起初粗浅的感官认识,到后期越来越倚重科学依据来证明赤泥的环境风险,不断挑战官方科学话语的权威并参与话语生产。2014—2015年,地方政府允许加尔达纳厂继续排放加压过滤后的废液,由此触发了新一轮的环境争议。事实证明,反海洋倾废运动促进了环境风险知识的再生产,参与塑造了法国当代社会对于技术风险和环境公害的认知。

In the 1960s,the Gardanne alumina plant attached to Pechiney dumped a large amount of bauxite residue(commonly known as“red mud”)into the Mediterranean Sea by building onshore and submarine pipelines.To win the recognition and acceptance from all sectors of the community,Pechiney adopted such knowledge production strategies as research funding,discourse reconstruction,appeal to authority,media operation and visual presentation to legitimize the assertion that red mud was“nontoxic”,“inert”and“harmless”.For more than half a century,from the initial superficial sensory awareness to the increasing proportion of scientific evidence later,men of science against red mud and non-government environmental groups have been challenging the authority of official scientific discourse and participating in discourse production to prove the environmental risk of red mud.In 2014-2015,local governments allowed the Gardanne plant to continue the discharge of pressurized and filtered waste,which triggered a new round of environmental controversies.It has been proved that the campaign against ocean dumping promoted reproduction of knowledge about environmental risk and played a role in shaping the contemporary knowledge of technical risk and environmental hazards.