类型化视野下环境共同侵权的法律适用逻辑

On Legal Application Logic of Environmental Joint Tort from the Perspective of Typology

有别于普通共同侵权对侵权人之间意思联络的强调,环境共同侵权更侧重客观上的侵权行为、单一共同的损害后果以及二者之间在法律上的因果关系。《民法典》第1231条进一步确定了环境共同侵权领域的追责标准,但对于环境共同侵权的担责原则仍不明确。学界对此存在较大争议,实践中亦存在该领域法律适用混乱、同案不同判的情形。解决上述理论与实践困境,应当在厘清环境共同侵权总体责任分担原则为按份责任原则的基础上,具体讨论环境共同侵权案件不同类型的法律适用逻辑。从方便服务司法审理的角度出发,以侵权人之间是否存在意思联络以及侵权行为是否具有环境共同侵权领域的狭义危害性为标准,实现环境共同侵权两个层次的类型化。初级类型化根据有无共同意思联络将环境共同侵权案件划分为有意思联络的环境共同侵权(狭义环境共同侵权案件)和无意思联络的环境共同侵权两类,次级类型化按照单一行为有无危害性的标准将无意思联络的环境共同侵权进一步划分为两个或两个以上非侵权行为结合、侵权行为与非侵权行为结合、两个或两个以上侵权行为结合三种典型情形。进而分析环境共同侵权具体类型的担责认定及法律适用规则,同时提出环境共同侵权案件的司法审理思路,以推动该领域《民法典》条文的正确适用。

Different from common joint torts that emphasize the connection of intention between the tortfeasors,environmental joint torts lay more emphasis on the objective torts,the single common damage consequences and the legal causality between the two.Article 1231 of The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China further determines the accountability benchmarks in environmental joint torts,but the principle of bearing responsibilities for environmental joint torts is still vague.Along with the academic controversy,application confusion exists exemplified by identical lawsuits with distinct judgments.To resolve the theoretical and practical dilemmas,it is necessary to study the different types of legal application logic of environmental joint tort cases on the basis of clarifying that the principle of bearing responsibilities for environmental joint torts is proportionate liability.For the convenience of judicial trial service,two levels of typification of environmental joint torts can be realized based on whether there is intention connection between the tortfeasors and whether the tortious conduct is harmful in a narrow sense.The primary typification is to classify the environmental joint tort cases into those with intention connection,ie.environmental joint tort cases in a narrow sense,and those without.Based on whether a single tortious conduct is harmful,the secondary typification is to classify environmental joint tort cases without intention connection into the combination of two or more than two non-tort conducts,the combination of tort and non-tort conducts and the combination of two or more than two tort conducts.Furthermore,this paper analyzes the responsibility identification and application rules of law for the specific types of environmental joint torts and puts forward the train of thought for the judicial trial of environmental joint tort cases so as to promote the proper application of the provisions of The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China in this field.