土地资源错配对中国城市工业绿色全要素生产率的影响

The impacts of land misallocation on urban industrial green total-factor productivity in China

基于价格扭曲效应拓展资源错配模型,使用中国285个城市2004—2017年的工业投入产出数据,测算土地资源错配导致的城市工业绿色全要素生产率(GTFP)损失,并分析其时空变化。结果表明:(1)土地资源错配对中国城市工业GTFP损失的年均贡献率为10.05%,已与能源错配并列成为继资本错配之后城市工业GTFP损失的重要贡献者。(2)土地资源错配导致中国城市工业GTFP损失呈现"先小幅下降,再大幅上升,后较大幅度下降"的时序变化特征,但总体趋于上升,损失值介于1.10%~2.48%之间,纠正土地资源错配,中国现有城市的工业GTFP有望实现年均2%左右的再增加;东、中部地区土地资源错配导致的城市工业GTFP损失呈现出与全国层面类似的变化特征,西部地区的城市工业GTFP损失整体保持高位,总体稍有下降,东部地区是中国城市工业发展的主要阵地,其土地资源错配导致的城市工业GTFP损失主导着全国层面的城市工业GTFP损失变化。(3)土地资源错配导致中国城市工业GTFP损失的空间格局呈连片集聚化的发展特征,城市工业GTFP损失较高和高等级省份的数量有所增加,逐渐集中到以黄河流域为主的北方地区,损失低和中等等级省份的数量相应减少,逐渐集中到长江流域及东部沿海地区;土地资源错配导致中国城市工业GTFP损失的总差异呈缩小态势,三大地区内城市工业用地配置效率不均衡是土地资源错配导致中国城市工业GTFP损失差异的根本原因,其中西部地区内城市工业用地配置效率不均衡是主要原因,近年来的区域协同发展有利于三大地区间城市工业用地配置效率差距的缩小。

This paper expands the resource misallocation model based on the effect of price distortion. It measures the green total-factor productivity(GTFP) loss of urban industry due to land misallocation and analyzes its spatial and temporal changes by using the industrial inputoutput data of 285 cities in China from 2004 to 2017. The main results are as follows:(1)Capital misallocation still plays the most important role in the urban industrial GTFP loss,followed by land misallocation(10.5%) and energy misallocation.(2) The characteristics of industrial GTFP loss in Chinese cities induced by land misallocation can be summarized as "initially a small decline, then a large increase, and finally a large decline". Overall, the urban industrial GTFP loss increased, ranging from 1.10% to 2.48%. A correction in land misallocation is expected to bring about a 2% increase of industrial GTFP among Chinese cities. The characteristics of urban industrial GTFP loss due to land misallocation in the eastern and central regions are similar as that at the national level, while the loss in the western region maintains a high value with a slight overall decline. The eastern region is at the forefront of China’s urban industrial development, and its industrial GTFP loss due to land misallocation dominates changes at the national level.(3) The spatial pattern of urban industrial GTFP loss in China due to land misallocation is characterized by contiguous clustering. The number of provinces with higher-and high-grade urban industrial GTFP loss has increased, gradually clustering in the northern region, mainly in the Yellow River basin. The number of provinces with low-and medium-grade loss has decreased and are mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River basin and the eastern coastal region. The total variation in urban industrial GTFP loss due to land misallocation among Chinese cities has been narrowed. The unbalanced allocation efficiency of urban industrial land in the three regions is the fundamental cause for the contrasting loss in urban industrial GTFP from land misallocation. In particular, the unbalanced allocation efficiency of urban industrial land in the western region is the main reason. The collaborative regional development in recent years is conducive to bridging the gap in the allocation efficiency of urban industrial land among the three regions.