有机磷酸酯污染现状及其生物富集和生物转化研究进展

Pollution status,bioaccumulation and biotransformation of organophosphate esters:A review

有机磷酸酯(Organophosphate esters,OPEs)主要作为阻燃剂和塑化剂被广泛生产和使用。随着包括多溴联苯醚在内的溴代阻燃剂逐步受控,作为溴代阻燃剂主要代替品之一的OPEs产量大幅增长,OPEs环境问题日益引起人们的关注。本文从OPEs的理化性质着手,简要梳理了其在环境中的赋存状况。地表水中OPEs浓度大多为几百ng·L^(−1),磷酸三(2-氯异丙基)酯(TCPP)和磷酸三(2-丁氧基乙基)酯(TBEP)为主要检出物质;沉积物中OPEs浓度大多处于几十ng·g^(−1) dw(干重)水平,主要检出物质为磷酸三(2-乙基己基)酯(TEHP)和磷酸三苯酯(TPHP);在大气与土壤中OPEs以TCPP和磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP)为主,浓度多为几十ng·m^(−3)和几十ng·g^(−1) dw。此外,本文重点针对OPEs在生物体内的富集和代谢转化情况进行了综述,水生生物中OPEs浓度大多处于几十ng·g^(−1) ww(湿重)水平,陆生生物中OPEs浓度大多处于几百ng·g^(−1) lw(脂重)水平,对于OPEs是否具有生物累积效应,相关的研究结果差异较大,OPEs在生物体内快速的代谢转化很可能是影响其生物富集作用的主要因素。最后,针对目前的研究现状,对存在的问题及后续的研究方向进行了讨论与展望。

Organophosphate esters(OPEs)have been widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers.With the restriction on brominated flame retardants including PBDEs,the production and consumption of the main alternatives,OPEs have grown substantially in recent years,which has raised increasing environmental concerns.This review commences on the physic-chemical properties of OPEs,and summarizes the occurrence of OPEs in environment.The concentrations of OPEs in surface water were mostly at the level of several hundred ng·L^(−1),tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCPP)and tributoxyethyl phosphate(TBEP)were the abundant substance;the concentration of OPEs in sediments were mostly tens of ng·g^(−1) dw,and the main detected substances were tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate(TEHP)and triphenyl phosphate(TPHP).In the atmosphere and soil,the concentrations of OPEs were mostly tens of ng·m^(−3) and tens of ng·g^(−1) dw,the main detected substance was TCPP and tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP).The review emphasized on bioaccumulation and biotransformation of OPEs in biota.The concentrations of OPEs in aquatic organisms were mostly at the level of several tens ng·g^(−1) ww,and in terrestrial organisms the concentrations of OPEs were mostly at the level of several hundred ng·g^(−1) lw.Inconsistent results were observed in bioaccumulation of OPEs in biota,and rapid metabolic transformation of OPEs in organisms was likely to be the main factor for the variation.Based on the current research progress,the existing problems and prospects for future studies are also discussed.