经典名方及其有效成分调节免疫衰老的作用机制研究进展

Mechanisms of Classical Prescriptions and Their Active Components in Immunosenescence Regulation:A Review

伴随着机体衰老,免疫系统会发生一系列变化。这一类衰老相关性免疫系统改变被称为"免疫衰老",其病变主要表现在细胞免疫上。研究表明,参与调节免疫衰老的免疫细胞包括固有免疫细胞和适应免疫细胞,前者包括"中性粒细胞、单核/巨噬细胞、髓样抑制细胞、树突状细胞及自然杀伤细胞"等,其作用机制涉及细胞数量、吞噬能力、趋化性、黏附力及Toll样受体(TLR)功能、抗原提呈能力、巨噬细胞极化、细胞毒性、迁移能力等;后者包括"T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞"等,其作用机制涉及细胞发育、增殖、分化能力、细胞数量、端粒酶活性、自身反应性抗体等。免疫衰老不仅是机体衰老的体现,更是中、西药物延缓衰老的重要靶标。近年来,国内外中医药学者相继发现一些经典名方(简称"经方")及其有效成分,如独参汤及其有效成分人参叶总皂苷、生脉饮及其有效成分安五脂素、人参茎叶总皂苷等,能够靶向免疫细胞,干预其分子调控机制,进而发挥调节免疫衰老的作用。此外,经方调节免疫衰老还与自噬密切相关。"祛瘀生新法"代表性经方——大黄?虫丸能延缓D-半乳糖诱导的小鼠肾脏衰老,其作用机制不仅在于调节胸腺免疫细胞数量和活性,还能改善肾脏中自噬标志性蛋白和炎症性细胞因子的表达。因此,"基于免疫衰老的作用机制探究经方及其有效成分的干预效果"将会成为抗衰老药物研究和开发的新方向。

As the body ages,the immune system will undergo a series of changes,which are termed"immunosenescence"and are embodied in immune cells.Previous studies have shown that the immune cells involved in the regulation of immunosenescence include intrinsic immune cells and adaptive immune cells.Intrinsic immune cells are neutrophils,monocytes/macrophages,myeloid-derived suppressor cells,dendritic cells,natural killer cells,etc.,and the underlying mechanisms involve the regulation of cell number,phagocytosis,chemotaxis,adhesion,the function of toll-like receptor(TLR),antigen presentation,macrophage polarization,cytotoxicity,migration,etc.The adaptive immune cells include T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes,and the underlying mechanisms involve the regulation of cell development,proliferation,differentiation,cell number,telomerase activity,self-reactive antibodies,etc.Immunosenescence is the manifestation of aging in the human body and is also an important target for delaying aging by Chinese medicine and western medicine.In recent years,scholars have found some classical prescriptions and their active components(such as Dushentang and total saponins in Panax ginseng leaves,and Shengmaiyin and anwulignan and total saponins in P.ginseng stems and leaves)can regulate immunosenescence by targeting the immune cells and interfering with their molecular regulatory mechanisms.In addition,the mechanisms of the classical prescriptions in regulating immunosenescence are closely related to autophagy.The representative prescription embodying the therapeutic principles of resolving blood stasis and promoting regeneration,Dahuang Zhechongwan,can delay D-galactose-induced renal aging in mice,and its underlying mechanisms are related to the regulation of the number and activity of thymic immune cells and improvement of the protein expression of autophagy-related markers and inflammatory cytokines in the kidney.Therefore,exploring the effects of the classical prescriptions and their active components by targeting the mechanisms of immunosenescence will become a new direction for investigating and developing anti-aging drugs.