考虑需求缺口的应急物资分配机理及运作模式

Mechanism and Operation Mode of Emergency Material Distribution with the Consideration of Demand Insufficiency

大型灾害事件发生后,应急救援中需要大量的应急物资,而应急物资分配是做好应急物资保障工作的关键。合理的应急物资分配模式既有利于减少灾害造成的损失,又有利于提高应急救援的效率。然而,灾害发生后,决策者往往很难在短时间内把应急物资分配到灾区,由此会导致应急物资短缺,形成需求缺口,既给灾区救援工作带来不便,又造成恶劣的社会影响。实地调研发现,需求视角下影响应急物资分配的主要因素包括灾区需求信息“黑箱”、受灾程度、需求紧迫性、需求缺口等。灾害发生后,为最大限度减少灾害带来的损失,迫切需要建立一种快速、精准、公平的应急物资分配模式。为更好地扑灭应急物资需求缺口,这种应急物资分配模式应涵盖需求预测、需求等级划分、属地一次分配、外埠二次分配等方面内容。其具体运作流程包括信息收集、分配目标确定、物资分配决策、物资分配评价、物资分配实施等五个步骤。此外,为保障应急物资分配系统顺畅运行,把应急物资快速、精准、公平地送到灾区,最大限度提高救援效率,还要建立应急物资保障机制,搭建应急物资保障大数据平台,加强应急物资储备体系建设等。

After large-scale disaster,large amount of emergency material is demanded in emergency rescue;and the distribution of emergency material is the key for the success of emergency material guarantee.The rational emergency material distribution is not only beneficial for the reduction of loss,but also beneficial for the improvement of emergency rescue efficiency.However,after the disaster,decision-makers usually cannot distribute the emergency material to disaster area within a short time,which will lead to the shortage of emergency material and demand insufficiency.And this will not only bring disaster rescue with inconvenience,but also give rise to serious negative social influences.With the help of on-site investigation,the author finds that the main causes having influences on emergency material distribution include the“black box”of demand information in the disaster area,the degree of loss,the urgency of demand,and demand insufficiency.After the disaster,to reduce the loss as possible as we can,we should establish a rapid,targeted,and fair distribution mode of emergency material.To better cover this insufficiency,this distribution mode should include demand forecast,demand classification,local first distribution,and other place second distribution.The specific operational process includes such five steps as the collection of information,the determination of distribution target,the decision-making of material distribution,the evaluation of material distribution,and the implementation of material distribution.Besides,to guarantee the smooth operation of emergency material distribution,rapidly,accurately,and fairly deliver the emergency material to disaster areas,and improve the efficiency of rescue as possible as we can,we should also formulate the guarantee mechanism for emergency material,establish the Big Data platform,and strengthen the construction of emergency material reserve system.