数据本地化的贸易维度评估及中国因应

Trade Dimension Evaluation of Data Localization and China's Countermeasures

在后疫情“双循环”时代提升国内和国际贸易规则的互操作性,需要用发展的观点看待数据本地化措施。在本地化立法已是大势所趋的背景下,判断最初作为防御之策的数据本地化措施是否达到预期的政策目标和贸易效果,有助于我们研判国内政策的合理性和国际协调立场的可能性。数据本地化背后的逻辑缘于传统的属地主义,但在现代技术条件下,数据存储的位置实际上并不能决定数据的安全性和隐私性。目前,数据本地化的政策目标可以归纳为国家安全、隐私保护、执法便利和扶持国内新兴行业,会提升贸易成本且容易遭到贸易对手的报复。数字产业赢家通吃的特点可能导致政策反应而加剧国家之间的紧张关系,并形成不必要的贸易壁垒,选取该切入点进行数据本地化的贸易评估,并构建数据本地化的动机、因果关系的证明、非歧视待遇、有无替代性解决方案等若干贸易维度,借助明确且具有操作性的标准减少或者限制数据本地化对贸易的不利影响。

To enhance the interoperability of domestic and international trade rules in the post-epidemic double-cycle era,we need to view data localization measures from a development perspective;under the background that localization legislation is the general trend,we can judge whether the data localization measures initially used as a defensive strategy have achieved the expected policy objectives and trade effects,which will help us to study and judge the rationality of domestic softening position and the possibility of international coordination position.Though the logical origin of data localization is territoriality,under the condition of modern technology,the position of data storage actually cannot determine data safety and privacy.At present,policy target of data localization can be summarized as national safety,privacy protection,enforcement conveniency,and support for domestic emerging industries,which will improve the cost of trade and lead to counterparties’retaliation.The winner-take-all feature of digital industry may lead to policy response,exacerbate tensions between countries and introduce unnecessary trade barriers.The author selects this entry point for trade evaluation of data localization,constructs several trade dimensions such as motivation of data localization,proof of causality,non-discriminatory treatment and the availability of alternative solutions,and try to reduce or limit the adverse impact of data localization on trade with the help of clear and operational standards.