西周文王祭祀诗礼新探

A New Exploration of the Poems in the Sacrificial Ceremony of King Wen of the Western Zhou Dynasty

《清庙》《维天之命》《维清》三诗分别侧重颂赞文王文德、文王受命和文王武功,在祭祀文王的典礼上唱诵。《维清》是文王《象》舞歌辞,参之《礼记》可知,文王《象》舞还包括《清庙》一诗。另据《吕氏春秋·古乐》所提“三象乐”之说以及“乐三终”的用诗制度,当时存在以第一首诗的诗题代指一组诗的命名方式,因此,文王《象》舞唱诵的组诗是由《清庙》《维清》在内的三首诗构成的。《维天之命》由于在修辞及题旨上与《清庙》《维清》二诗紧密相连,成为《诗经》现存篇目中唯一可能入选《清庙》组诗的篇目。该组诗在禘礼祭祖时降神文王的过程中由瞽人乐师登歌,其乐调部分即文王三象乐,其配舞即文王《象》舞。

The three poems,Qingmiao,Weitianzhiming and Weiqing,were sung at the ceremony honoring King Wen of the Western Zhou Dynasty,which focused on praising King Wen′s virtues,destiny and military exploits respectively.Weiqing was the lyrics to King Wen Xiang Music,which also included Qingmiao.Based on‘Three Xiang Music’mentioned in Lv Shi Chun Qiu and a ritual of poetry called Three Movement,there existed a way of naming with the first poem′s title,which referred to the title of the whole series of three poems.As a result,the lyrics of King Wen Xiang Music were a set of three poems including Qingmiao and Weiqing.Weitianzhiming,closely linked with Qingmiao and Weiqing both in content and rhetoric,was the only one among the The Book of Songs that stood a chance of being included in King Wen Xiang Music.This poem was sung by musicians during the ancestor worship ceremony,its melody being‘Three Xiang Music’and its dance being King Wen Xiang Dance.