事后反垄断与事前管制--数字市场竞争治理的范式选择

Ex-post Antitrust or Ex-anti Regulation——The Paradigm Chioce for Competition Governance of Digital Markets

互联网平台经济具有较强的规模经济和网络经济的特征,这决定其具有“赢者通吃”的市场结构。在数字环境下,数据已成为平台的核心竞争力资源并在网络交易中事实上承担着“对价”功能,在由少数超级平台掌握有限服务供应即数据收集端口且互不兼容的前提下,用户一旦选定服务提供数据便被平台锁定而难以转换,极大地限制了用户的选择自由,间接造成竞争者进入壁垒,为数字平台实施垄断行为提供了广泛空间,故有必要加强竞争执法,保障数字市场的充分开放性和竞争性。以谦抑性为基本立场的事后反垄断执法难以及时纠正动态竞争中的市场失灵,由于数字市场存在高而持续的市场进入壁垒、欠缺有效竞争的动态趋势、反垄断法调整效力不足的特性,应基于竞争法原则建立事前管制机制,强制具有市场支配地位者与竞争者建立数据互操作性环境,保障用户在不同网络间实现数据自由携转。

The platform economy has the characteristics of economies of scale and network economy,which determines its"winner takes all"market structure.In digital environment,data has become the core competitive resource of the platform,and is actually undertaking the function of currency in internet transactions.Under the background that limited super platforms control the limited ports of service and data collection,which are incompatible with each other,once users choose the service and provide data,they will be locked by the platform and it is difficult to switch to others.This greatly restricts users’freedom of choice,creates barriers to entry for competitors,as a result,provides wide spaces for digital platforms to abuse their market power.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen competition law enforcement to ensure the full openness and competitiveness of the digital market.However,based on the modest stance,the antitrust enforcement can hardly timely correct the market failures in dynamic competition.Drawing on experiences in EU telecommunication sector,there are high and sustained market entry barriers,lack of dynamic trends in effective competition and inadequate adjustment of competition law in digital markets,ex ante regulation should be established based on the principles of competition law,to force significant market power operators to establish the interoperability environment with competitors,ensure users can freely port their data among different networks.