先秦时期的“三谏不从则去”原则及其蕴含的政治伦理思想——兼论孔孟的去君、去国之礼

The Principle of“If Three Admonishments Are Not Accepted,Then Go”in the Pre-Qin Period and Political and Ethical Thoughts Contained in It——On Confucius and Mencius’ Rites of Leaving the Monarch and the State

向国君进谏、匡正国君言行中的缺失是臣子的责任和义务。国君若能虚心纳谏,既可塑造从谏如流的明君形象,亦可实现“贤者在位,能者在职”的清明政治,如此君明臣贤则国可大治。反之,国君若三谏而不听,臣子可因道不行、不显君之恶、不塞贤人之路、希望国君觉悟以及避免杀身之祸等原因而去君甚至去国。“三谏不从则去”是先秦时期君臣关系以义相合、以礼相交的政治伦理思想的集中体现。

It was the duty and obligation of the courtiers to admonish the king and correct the mistakes of his deeds.If the monarch accepted the persuasion with an open mind,he could not only shape himself into an image of a wise monarch,but also achieve a society of political integrity,where“the wise is in power and the capable is on duty”.In this way,the monarch is wise and the courtiers are virtuous,and the country can be in great order.On the contrary,if the monarch did not take the admonitions,the courtiers could left the monarch or even the country for the reasons of not doing the right way,not showing the evil of the monarch,not blocking the path of the sage,hoping that the monarch would realize his mistake and avoiding the risk of being killed.“If three admonishments are not accepted,then go.”is the concentrated embodiment of the political ethics of“Getting along with each other because of righteousness,and communicating with each other because of ritual”in the relationship between the monarch and the courtier in the pre-Qin period.