巴尔干联邦计划研究(1944-1948):以保南联邦为中心

A Study on the Balkan Federation Plan(1944-1948):Bulgarian-Yugoslav Federation

20世纪40年代巴尔干共产党人执政前后提出了建立巴尔干联邦的设想。该设想由南斯拉夫共产党领导人铁托和保加利亚共产党领导人季米特洛夫倡议推动,第一步是建立保南联邦,在此基础上商讨建立巴尔干联邦的可能性。在得到苏联当局和斯大林的肯定与指示后,保南联邦计划正式启动。该计划进展大体分为两大阶段。从1944年年底索非亚会谈到1947年7月布莱德会谈期间,保南联邦计划在争论中艰难前行;从1948年1月斯大林训斥季米特洛夫关于建立东欧联邦的讲话到同年2月莫斯科会晤后斯大林接二连三攻击铁托及随后苏南关系破裂,保南联邦计划落下帷幕。在短短不到四年的时间里,保南联邦计划从轰轰烈烈出台到急转直下夭折的原因是多方面的,其中主要是由于南斯拉夫和保加利亚之间的分歧,特别是两极格局的对立以及大国政治下的南斯拉夫与苏联的冲突。建立保南联邦的尝试具有重要的转折性意义,它既是巴尔干联合史上的一次实践高地,同时也成为此后半个多世纪巴尔干联合思想的"绝唱"。

In the 1940 s,the Communists of the Balkans put forward the idea of establishing the Balkan Federation before and after taking power.The idea was jointly proposed by Tito,leader of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia,and Dimitrov,leader of the Communist Party of Bulgaria.The first step is to establish the Federation of Bulgaria and Yugoslavia,and then discuss the possibility of establishing the Balkan Federation.After getting Stalin’s affirmation and instruction,the federal plan of Bulgaria-Yugoslavia was officially launched.The progress of the plan is roughly divided into two stages.In the first stage,from the Sofia talks at the end of 1944 to the Bled talks in July 1947,the Bulgaria-Yugoslavia Federation plan was struggling in the debate.The second stage began in January 1948 when Stalin denounced Dimitrov’s speech on the establishment of the Federation of Eastern Europe.After the Moscow meeting in February 1948,Stalin criticized Tito continuously and then the relationship between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia was broken,and the Federation plan was terminated.There are many reasons for the failure of the plan,mainly due to the differences between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria,as well as the conflict between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union Under the background of bipolar structure.It is not only a practice in the history of Balkan Union,but also the last attempt in the thought of Balkan Union.