陕西关中地区乡村传统水适应性景观特征探析

Analysis on the Characteristics of Rural Traditional Water Adaptability Landscape in Guanzhong Region, Shaanxi

我国关中地区人口密集、耕地平坦,有限的水资源满足了本地区农业生产、生活,并最早享誉“天府之国”的美名。而近年来我国很多城市在进行海绵城市建设绩效评估中产生了地方应用性欠佳的问题。因此,借鉴国际前沿先进理念的同时,不应忽视传承我国的优秀生态智慧的重要性。传统经验与西方先进技术取长补短,形成中国地域特色的生态设计景观,将会改善海绵城市设施的适宜性问题。本文从陕西关中乡村“水适应”性传统理念和技艺出发,以田野调查和类型化研究为研究方法,梳理该地区的水资源分布特征以及与其相适应的设计途径;在传统的生产、生活两个方面,从“水适应”性的农业水利灌溉、“水适应”性的聚落选址布局、“水适应”性的民居及雨水设施的营造方法3个层次总结了该地区“水适应”性景观设计的特点,即“南排北引中间留”的地区设计策略,“北窑南砖中合院”的建筑形式,“南塘北窖中部井”的水景观设施成为关中水适应景观的鲜明代表。文中提出了对应当今我国海绵城市建设中地域适宜性雨水景观设计策略的问题,梳理了关中地区“水适应”生态智慧,总结了该地区优秀的水生态景观设计思想,从而为关中地区海绵城乡建设中“水适应”性景观设计提供了地方实践的理论依据。

Guanzhong area has dense population,flat cultivated land and limited water resources,which meet the needs of agricultural production and life in this area,and is first known as“land of abundance”.However,in recent years,many cities in our country have the problem of poor local application in the performance evaluation of sponge city construction.Therefore,we should not ignore the importance of inheriting China’s excellent ecological wisdom while learning from international advanced concepts.Traditional experience and western advanced technology complement each other to form ecological design landscape with Chinese regional characteristics,which will improve the suitability of sponge city facilities.Based on the traditional concept and skills of“water adaptability”in Guanzhong rural area of Shaanxi,this paper combs the distribution characteristics of water resources in this area and the corresponding design approaches by field investigation and typological research.In the traditional production and life,this paper summarizes the characteristics of“water adaptive”landscape design in this area from three levels of“water adaptive”agricultural water conservancy irrigation,“water adaptive”settlement location and layout,“water adaptive”dwellings and buildings,and the construction methods of rain facilities.The regional design strategy of“drainage from the south to the north and retaining in the middle”,the architectural form of“north kiln,south brick and middle courtyard”,and the water landscape facilities of“south pond,north cellar and middle well”are the distinct representatives of water adaptive landscape in Guanzhong.This paper puts forward some problems in the rainwater landscape design strategy suitable to regional conditions in the construction of sponge city in China,combs the ecological wisdom of“water adaptation”in Guanzhong area,and summarizes the excellent water ecological landscape design ideas in this area,so as to provide local theoretical basis for the“water adaptation”landscape design in the construction of sponge city in Guanzhong area.