论非法人组织的泛主体化及其教义学回正兼论合手原理的引入与限度

Unincorporated Organization:“Pan-subjectification”and its Doctrinal Reversion On the Introduction and Limitation of the Principle of Conjunctions

非法人组织内涵的高度空心化,不可避免地引起主体泛化。权利能力与行为能力制度同样适用于第三民事主体,但应当予以必要的重述。权利能力并非概念空壳,权利能力与主体也并非同义反复。权利能力的内涵是意志,行为能力的内涵是理性,理性是意志的特别法。自然人成为主体的要义在于独立意志,组织成为主体的关键在于意志独立,而意志独立已经进入理性范畴,故而对于组织而言,权利能力与行为能力重叠。非法人组织区隔于法人的内在结构同一性,在于意志独立方式不同。德国法上的合手原理,去掉日耳曼法元素后,可兹借鉴。不仅不应当将合伙从非法人组织排除,相反,恰恰应当以合伙作为非法人组织的一般法,横向上与法人相区隔,纵向上以之为元规则渐次衍生、型塑甚至类推适用于各类其他非法人组织。以合伙为内涵的非法人组织,给实践中的疑难主体问题提供了更开放的解释空间,教义学上回正主体泛化趋势的同时,也使主体法上的双重二元结构得以证立。

The hollowing out of the connotation of the unincorporated organization inevitably leads to the over-generalization of these organizations.The system of capacity of right and capacity of conduct is also applicable to the third civil subject,but it should be restated as necessary.Right capacity is not an empty shell of concept,nor is it tautology with subject.The connotation of the right capacity is the will,the connotation of the behavior capacity is the reason,and the reason is the special law of the will.The essence of natural person becoming the subject lies in independent will,and the key of organization becoming the subject lies in independent will,which has already entered the rational category.Therefore,for organizations,right ability and behavior ability overlap.The internal structural identity between the unincorporated organization and the legal person lies in the different ways of independent will.After removing the Germanic elements,we can draw lessons from the Germanic principle.On the contrary,the general law of partnership as an unincorporated organization should be adopted,which is separated from the legal person horizontally and derived,formed,molded and even analogized to other kinds of unincorporated organizations vertically.The unincorporated organization with partnership as its connotation provides a more open space for interpretation of the problematic subject in practice,which not only reverses the general trend of the subject in the doctrine,but also justifies the dual structure of the subject law.