法秩序统一原理下未成年人保护制度的刑民衔接适用

The Joint Application of the System of Protection of Minors between Criminal Law and Civil Law under the Principle of Unification of Legal Order

对《民法典》《刑法修正案(十一)》中有关未成年人规定的理解,应在法秩序统一原理下结合新《未成年人保护法》的精神进行民刑衔接适用研究。在监护制度的典型场域,父母滥用监护权是否构成犯罪应在区分亲权与监护权的基础上,结合民事责任追究的效果和刑法相关罪名的规定进行实质判断。在收养制度的典型场域,区分民事送养行为与拐卖儿童犯罪时应明确拐卖儿童罪的成立需要同时具备“以出卖为目的”和“非法获利目的”的条件。在性侵未成年人特殊诉讼时效的典型场域,对民法中“性侵害”的理解应参照刑法之规定,前者在范围上广于后者;相较于刑法中诉讼时效的规定,《民法典》第191条在有效性上更多地体现出象征性立法的色彩。未成年人保护制度的刑民衔接适用应遵循刑民共治规律。在刑民责任界分中,应充分重视主观要件的作用,并在现行刑法的罪名体系框架内基于刑民一体化视野和最有利于未成年人原则,对行为是否构成犯罪予以实质考量,避免刑法在民事领域的过度介入。通过坚持民法优先原则,恪守刑法谦抑主义,最大限度地实现人性民法与物性刑法的融合发展。

The new provisions about juveniles of Civil Code and the 11th Amendment of Criminal Law express the necessity of research of joint application of civil law and criminal law in connecting the new key conceptions of the Juveniles Protection Law in the approach of unification of legal order.In the typical field of the guardianship system,whether parental abuse of guardianship constitutes a crime should be based on the distinction between parental rights and guardianship,combined with the effect of civil liability investigation and the related charges in criminal law to make a substantive judgment.In the typical field related to adoption,when distinguishing between civil adoption and child trafficking,the two purposes of selling and illegal profit should be clarified.In the typical field of special statute of limitations for sexual assault of minors,the interpretation of“sexual assault”in civil law should refer to the provisions of the criminal law,the former is broader than the latter in scope.Compared with the limitation of action in the criminal law,the effectiveness of Article 191 of the Civil Code is more symbolic.The application of the juvenile protection system should follow the rule of joint governance by both criminal law and civil law.On the distinction of criminal responsibility and civil responsibility,we should pay full attention to the role of subjective elements,and consider whether the act constitutes a crime substantively based on the integration of criminal law and the principle of being most beneficial to minors within the framework of the current criminal system,so as to avoid the excessive involvement of criminal law in the civil field.By adhering to the principle of priority of civil law and abiding by the modesty of criminal law,the integration of civil law and criminal law can be realized to the greatest extent.