论自诉转公诉的规范构造

On the Normative Construction of Private Prosecution to Public Prosecution

杭州网络诽谤案中的“自诉转公诉”,引发了理论界和实务界对自诉转公诉司法中有关法律问题的热烈讨论。目前我国法律规定的自诉转公诉法律制度尚不完善,存在一些空白地带,需要及时进行修改和补充。在自诉转公诉的法律条件方面,应当对“其他严重危害社会秩序和国家利益的情形”作出明确的解释;在自诉与公诉之间的法律关系方面,应当明确规定自诉与公诉是追诉犯罪的两种平行并列可转化的方式,对于一个犯罪行为,只能采取一种追诉方式,不能同时采取两种追诉方式;在自诉转公诉的程序衔接方面,对于被害人已经提起的自诉,人民法院在什么情况下应当决定不予受理、裁定终止自诉的审理,应当作出明确的司法解释;在自诉转公诉的法律后果方面,对于被害人主动撤回自诉之后是否可以再行提起诉讼、被害人对人民法院终止自诉审理的裁定是否可以提出上诉、在自诉转公诉的案件处理过程中被害人与犯罪嫌疑人或者被告人是否可以进行和解等,应当作出明确的法律规定。

The“private prosecution to public prosecution”in the Hangzhou network defamation case has triggered a lively discussion between the theoretical community and the practical community on the legal issues related to private prosecution to public prosecution in justice.At present,China’s legal system of transferring private prosecution to public prosecution is not perfect,and there are some gaps that need to be amended and supplemented in time.As to the legal conditions for private prosecution to public prosecution,“other serious harm to social order and national interests”should be clearly explained;as to the legal relationship between private prosecution and public prosecution,it should be clearly stipulated that they are substitute for each other;for a criminal act,we can only have one form of recourse for an offence,not both.In the procedural connection of private prosecution to public prosecution,the people’s court should make a clear judicial interpretation of the circumstances under which the victim should decide not to accept the private prosecution and to terminate the trial of private prosecution;in the legal consequences of private prosecution to public prosecution,clear legal provisions should be made on whether the victim can initiate another lawsuit after withdrawing the private prosecution,whether the victim can appeal against the people’s court’s decision to terminate the trial of private prosecution,and whether the victim and the suspect or defendant can reconcile while processing the case of private prosecution to public prosecution.