被监护人侵权责任的学理分析与适用

Doctrinal Analysis and Application of the Tort Liability of Wards

在被监护人侵权案件的司法实践中,裁判在责任主体、归责原则、责任形态、监护人尽职评价四大核心问题上的分歧表明,《侵权责任法》第32条所导致的“类案异判”现象较为普遍。然而,《民法典》第1188条并未对《侵权责任法》第32条进行实质性修改。随着《民法典》施行,如何避免前述现象在嗣后实践中重演,值得关注。其中,忽视注意义务的观点纷争导致了被监护人侵权定责模式的复杂化,进而造成了前述法律适用乱象。“注意义务补足说”是被监护人侵权四大核心问题的纾困之钥,由此出发,根据法律对注意义务的要求不同,以类型化为手段确立如下适用规则:并合监护人的监护义务与被监护人的注意义务,视同完全行为能力人的注意义务,依循法律对注意义务要求的不同,区分无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人注意义务的差异,依照具体侵权类型(包括一般侵权)的法律规定,考量被监护人、监护人的责任构成。

In the judicial practice of tort cases involving guardians,the“fancy”choices made by judges on the four core issues of the subject of responsibility,the principle of imputation,the form of responsibility and the evaluation of the guardian’s due diligence show the extent to which Article 32 of the Tort Liability Law has led to“different judgments”in such cases.The depth of the“mixed verdict”created by Article 32 of the Tort Liability Law.However,article 1188 of the Civil Code does not substantively amend article 32 of the Tort Liability Law.With the implementation of the Civil Code,it is worth paying attention to how the aforementioned chaos can be prevented from repeating itself in subsequent practice.In particular,the controversy over the duty of care has led to the complication of the tort liability model of the ward,which in turn has led to the aforementioned chaotic application of the law.The“duty of care complementary theory”is the key to alleviate the four core problems of the tort of the ward,from which the rules are applied according to the different requirements of the law on the duty of care and by means of typology.First,the guardian’s duty of care and the ward’s duty of care are combined.Second,the duty of care of a person with full capacity is treated as the duty of care.Thirdly,according to the law on the duty of care,we shall distinguish the different requirements of the law and the difference in the duty of care of persons without civil capacity and persons with limited capacity.Fourthly,we shall consider the liability of the ward and the guardian based on the legal provisions of specific types of infringement(including general infringement).