街头官僚策略性执法行为的类型及影响因素研究

The Forging of Strategic Law-enforcement Behaviors of Street-level Bureaucrats

街头官僚在行政执法中受到执法者、执法规则、执法情境三个维度的结构性因素影响,形成积极执法、消极执法和放弃执法三种不同的策略性执法行为。在常规的执法活动中,既定执法规则完备,但执法工作处于社会舆论的监督之下,街头官僚会综合考虑互惠、利己、情理等因素,选择积极执法。若执法活动受到上级的严格管控,工作压力增大,街头官僚会基于规则依赖、求稳避责、同僚共谋等逻辑,选择消极执法。当上级强化执法管控,且执法活动受到社会舆论监督时,街头官僚的裁量空间被压缩,难以在执法过程中自主设计或选择行动策略,此时应问题需求导向和任务目标导向的要求,街头官僚会选择放弃执法。对执法活动中的三种策略性行为展开分析,有助于理解街头官僚执法行为差异的形成逻辑,为规范一线行政执法提供有益的思路。

By exposing to three structural factors,street-level bureaucrats obtain three strategies during the law enforcement,namely,positive law-enforcement,passive law-enforcement,and law-enforcement shirking.During the routinized law enforcement process,considering the rules clarity and public accountability,street-level bureaucrats would value both reciprocity norms and self-interest and conduct positive law-enforcement behaviors.If the law-enforcement process is under strict control from higher-ups,street-level bureaucrats would apply several strategies such as rule dependence,peer collusion,and blame avoidance,eventually choose to passive law-enforcement.When the high-ups intensify the control and the demand for public accountability,street-level bureaucrats would have limited leeway to use their discretion in the design of implementation.By evaluating the complication of working tasks and goals,street-level bureaucrats will choose the strategies of law-enforcement shirking.The analysis to the three types of strategies in law enforcement is helpful to understand the behaviors of street-level bureaucrats and provide suggestions for standardizing frontline law-enforcement management.