紫禁城古建筑台基石作技术研究

Building Techniques of Stone Work of Foundation Beds in the Forbidden City

石作是指古建筑领域与石材相关的工程。为更好地保护古建筑,以紫禁城古建筑台基为对象,基于理论研究与工程实践相结合的方法,探讨了台基石作的营建技术,具体包括石材的运输、现场加工、安装及修缮等。结果表明,紫禁城古建筑台基的石料运输,主要通过旱船、骡车等方式进行;石料在现场进行加工时,可采用凿打、刷道、剁斧等方法使其符合安装尺寸需求;台基石质构件的安装多采用榫卯、卡槽方式进行;对于体量较大的御路石可采用背后砌墙的方法安装,并可采用巧妙拼接处理的连接方式;对于残损的石质构件,可采用修补、拉接、拆安、去污等修缮加固方法。

Stone work refers to engineering relating to stone material in ancient building field. To effectively protect Chinese ancient building, the foundation beds in the Forbidden City are taken as example to study the building techniques of stone works. By means of theoretical analysis and engineering practice, techniques for transportation, site processing, installation and repair of stone work are discussed. Results show that the transportation of the stone components are mainly by Hanchuan(timber frame) or mule. The site processing means of the stone components include sorts of chiseling methods to obtain precise sizes. The installation of the stone components are mainly by tenon-mortise connection or convex-concave hasp. When large stone components are installed, brick walls can be used as their bases, splicing technique can also be considered. To strengthen damaged stone components, methods such as repair, connection, re-installation, cleaning and so on can be considered.