行动中的“国家”观——中国古代君主的“国家认同”及其影响

The View of“State”in Action--A Study on the“National Identity”and Effects of Ancient Chinese Monarchs

中国思想传统中的主流国家观念及认同意识,大致包括文化中国、盛世中国以及王朝中国三个层次。君主作为国家共同体的最高代表,在合法化机制的作用下,特别是当他们比较自信、有远大政治抱负和历史使命感的情况下,会倾向于同时表达这三种意义上的“中国”观及其认同意识。他们对这种“国家”观的表达与认同,尤其对于超越王朝国家的大“中国”观的表达与认同,对于传承和强化以“中国”为核心的国家共同体的空间记忆与文化记忆,增强国家建构中的精神塑造力,发挥了重要的作用。但在传统国家“家天下”政治的基本格局下,特别在遇到某些诱因、压力和危机的情况下,作为单独利益主体的君主也会产生“认同迷失”问题,使其罔顾“中国”乃至王朝国家的存在,专意谋求权力的私人化与国家的私产化。这都说明,传统社会在国家观念及其认同意识方面,以及在国家建构或国家公共性方面都还发育成长得不够成熟。

The mainstream view of state and identity consciousness in Chinese ideological tradition roughly includes three levels:cultural China,flourishing China and dynasty China.The monarch,as the supreme representative of the national community,will tend to express these three senses views of"China"and identity consciousness at the same time under the influence of the legalization mechanism,especially when they are more confident,or have lofty political ambitions and sense of historical mission.Their expression and identity of this"view of state",especially view on the big"China"beyond dynasty countries,has played an important role in inheritance and strengthening the spatial memory and cultural memory of the national community which"China"as the core,and enhancing the spiritual shaping power in the construction of the state.However,under the basic political structure of the"Home World"politics in traditional countries,especially in the case of certain incentives,pressures and crises,the monarch as a separate interest subject will also have the problem of"identity loss"which causing him to ignore the existence of"China"and even the dynasty state,and seek the privatization of power and the privatization of the state.All this shows that the traditional society has not matured enough in terms of view of state and identity consciousness,as well as the construction of the state or the publicity of state.