清前期灾害信息上报制度建设初探

A Research on the Establishment of the Early Qing’s Disaster Information Report System

清代报灾制度是在救灾实践中建立、完善起来的,始建于顺治朝,发展于康雍朝,完善于乾隆朝。清代的报灾制度规定了报灾期限及冒灾、瞒灾及告灾不实的处罚,建立了卫所、粮庄报灾制。完备的报灾程序成为确保康乾盛世灾赈制度顺利执行的基础,凸显了帝制顶峰阶段灾赈制度成效显著的原因。建立系统的灾赈预警及灾情信息的绿色上报通道机制,提高自然灾害防治能力是清代报灾制度垂鉴后代的经验。

The disaster report system of the Qing Dynasty was initiated and improved in the practice of disaster relief. It was established under Emperor Shunzhi’s reign, developed under Kangxi and Yongzheng’s, and improved under Qianlong’s. The system, including the sub-report systems of garrison stations and grain manors, stipulated the deadlines for disaster report as well as the punishments on disaster fabrication or concealment and inaccurate report. The fully-developed procedure of disaster report laid a foundation for the implementation of disaster relief systems during the High Qing period, which reveals the reasons why this system could make a remarkable progress at the peak of the imperial system. The experience that later generations can draw on from this system is the establishment of a systematic green report mechanism for the early warning of disasters and disaster information report, which enhanced the capacity to prevent and control natural disasters.