古代尺牍文献的流传脉络——兼论《中州启札》从日用到专集的性质演变

The Circulation of Ancient Letters and Documents:On the Change of the Nature of Zhongzhou Qi Zha from Daily Use to Anthology

尺牍最初以公文的形式存在,早期主要流存在具有“记言”档案性质的《尚书》中,后出现在具有“属辞比事”性质的《左传》《史记·列传》等私家撰述中,且私书有所增加。汉魏以来文体变革,类目体系不断完善,加之尺牍应用化与寒庶文人的社会需要,尺牍文献入集条件已然成熟。唐宋以来,尺牍文献在走向专集化、著述化的同时,亦借助日用类书的发展实现了日用化、大众化,反映了唐宋社会变革的面貌。从尺牍文献的流传脉络来考察《中州启札》在著录书目中从子部类书、杂文再到集部总集类的演变,可以发现其经历了从日用到专集的性质转化。这种转化折射出元及明前期儒学边缘化、儒士下沉的现实,亦反映出明中叶以来儒学复兴的历程,以及国家意识形态强化之特征。

The correspondence initially existed in the form of official document,so the early correspondence literature mainly existed in the“record words”archival nature of Shangshu(《尚书》)and Chun Qiu Zuo Shi Zhuan(《春秋左氏传》)and Records of the Historian's Biographies,which had the nature of“rhetoric comparison”and private recording.Since the Han and Wei Dynasties,the development of private letters and the inflow of documents into the collection of documents reflect the development and growth of the Confucian class.Since the Tang and Song Dynasties,the correspondence literature has been specialized and written.At the same time,with the help of the development of daily use books,it has realized the writing and popularization,reflecting the social transformation of the Tang and Song Dynasties.The classification of Zhongzhou Qi Zha(《中州启札》)in bibliography has experienced the evolution process from Zi Bu Lei Shu(子部类书),Za Wen(杂文)and then to the Ji Bu(集部)from the circulation of letters and documents.Its nature has experienced the evolution process from daily use to special collection.This change reflects the marginalization of Confucianism,the declining status of Confucians in the Yuan and early Ming Dynasties,and also witnesses the development of Confucianism since the mid-Ming Dynasty and the process of the country returning to the track of reform in the Tang and Song Dynasties,and the heterogeneous characteristics of strengthening the national ideology.