防御性内核下的长城关隘景观研究——以明代紫荆关关城为例

A Study on the Defensive Characteristic of Mountain-pass-type Great Wall Settlements:Taking the Zijingguan City of Ming Dynasty as an Example

长城关隘在长城防御体系中具有举足轻重的作用。文章以明代典型长城关隘紫荆关关城为例,结合古籍资料,从区域尺度、城池尺度、场所尺度三个空间层级对紫荆关关城景观的变迁和防御性进行研究。分析得出长城关隘景观具备防御性内核,体现出内边要塞,辐射边关;地形优越,烽驿串联;官厅众多,管理隘口;山水和谐,设施齐全;负山临河,圈城重门五个方面的特征。在此基础上提出了长城关隘景观特征体现,即:在区域尺度下体现于位置关系、地形交通、防御工事;在城池尺度下体现于资源格局、人工设施;在场所尺度下体现于完整边界、中心轴线、街巷骨架及清晰的群域。

Mountain-pass-type Great Wall settlements play a pivotal role in the Great Wall defense system.The paper taking Zijingguan City as an example,which is the typical mountain-pass-type Great Wall settlement of the Ming Dynasty.Combined with historical materials,the changes and defensive characteristics of settlement landscape of the Zijingguan City is studied from three spatial levels:regional scale,city scale,and place scale.The defensive characteristics of the settlement landscape are reflected in the important border defense position,the transportation and information hub,military management of Zijingguan Defense Area,complete facilities,and the strong city defense.Based on above,the defensive characteristics of settlement landscape of the mountain-pass-type Great Wall settlements are proposed.At the region scale,the defensive characteristics are reflected in location,topography,traffic capacity,and fortifications;At the city scale,it is reflected in resources,structure and artificial facilities;At the place scale,it is reflected in complete boundary,central axis,T-shape road skeleton and clear functional groups.