个体权力动机结构模型与实证研究

The construction and empirical study of individual power motivation

随着新权力观念的发展,个体权力动机也在不断变化。本文通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析探讨新时代背景下个体权力动机的内在结构,并从社会交换视角分析个体权力动机的特征。基于797份有效问卷的实证研究发现,新时代背景下个体权力动机分为控制、影响他人、自主、个人利益、威望、共同愿景、成就他人七类;控制、影响他人与负向互惠正相关,自主、个人利益、威望与负向互惠无关,共同愿景、成就他人与负向互惠负相关;除控制外,其他六类动机均与信任正相关;与信任和负向互惠的相关性分析进一步表明个体权力动机呈现出连续统一体特征。文章最后对研究结论及其理论贡献和管理启示进行了讨论。

The revolution of information technology promotes the rapid development and popularization of the Internet,which results in significant changes in the social relationship network and the mechanism of social-resource allocation.The traditional power is gradually transformed into the New Power.The New Power that based on the value principle of“participation,creation,cooperation and sharing”is operating in various fields of global politics,economy and business.Against such a background,the roles that people play are becoming more significant than traditional material resources and are therefore more important.The power motivations of individuals change quietly.What are the motivations of individuals when they acquire power?Many answers are given by scholars,but a clear cognition in regard to the individual power motivation is still lacking,particularly in the context of the new era.This research systematically sorts out the previous studies about the individual power motivation.Through collecting sample data from questionnaire survey,an individual power-motivation scale under the new era background through the use of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis is developed.On the basis of scale development,this study employs social exchange theory as the means to analyze the characteristics of each power motivation from the perspective of trust and reciprocity,and consequently the continuum model of the individual power motivation is proposed.In the first study,132 original items are summarized first,based on the results of the open questionnaire and the existing scale.Second,those original items are analyzed,deleted,and integrated,and finally 46 initial items are screened out.Then,based on the data of 148 valid questionnaires,28 final items are selected with the use of project and exploratory factor analyses.Finally,through the use of correlation analysis,exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis are conducted so as to construct an individual power-motivation scale with seven dimensions and 28 measurement items for 797 valid questionnaires.Its effectiveness is tested in various ways.The results show that,against the background of the new era,the individual power motivation can be divided into seven categories:controlling,influencing others,autonomy,personal interests,prestige,common vision and the achievements of others.In the second study,the seven types of motivation have different characteristics in the dimensions of trust and reciprocity,and the correlation between them is with regularity.Controlling and influencing others are positively correlated with negative reciprocity,while personal interests,prestige and autonomy are not correlated with negative reciprocity,and common vision and the achievements of others are negatively correlated with negative reciprocity.Except for the controlling category,the other six types of power motivations are all positively correlated with trust.According to this regularity,a continuum model of the individual power motivation is proposed.In this model,seven types of power motivations are further divided into exploitative,intermediate and shared type.The control of and influence over others are exploitative motives that emphasize the mastery of others in addition to self-satisfaction.Common vision and support for others’accomplishments belong to sharing motivation,thereby emphasizing equality,freedom and common satisfaction.Autonomy,personal interest and prestige belong to the intermediate motivation,which is in the middle.Among them,exploitative motivation,intermediate motivation and shared motivation are increasingly correlative with trust,but there is a decreasing correlation with negative reciprocity.The content change of power motivation occurs with regularity.The above-mentioned findings are conducive to the subsequent research on the individual power motivation.First,through theoretical analysis and empirical research,this research confirms that individual power motivation includes controlling,influencing others,autonomy,personal interests,prestige,common vision,and achieving others,which lay a solid foundation for the subsequent research on power motivation.Second,the classical power motive scale only involves controlling and influencing others and prestige.This research develops a measurement scale applicable to the study of individual power motivation in the context of the new era by complementing measures of personal interest,common vision,autonomy and the achievements of others,thus providing a measurement tool for follow-up research.Finally,a continuum model of the individual power motivation is proposed,which provides an analytical framework for reference in the follow-up study.The new power ultimately expands the content of power motivation,and it is worthwhile to observe the change of individual power.In order to grasp the mechanism that drives individual power motivation,future research can begin with the aspects of individual traits and situational factors.Thus,the relationship between individual power motivation and behavior deserves more systematic,in-depth research.