清末户口调查与广东新安民变

The Implementation Mechanism of Household Survey and the Rebellion in Xin’an During the Late Qing Period

清末新政期间,全国各地普遍出现反对户口调查的风潮,此中原因既与户口调查的推行方式有关,又和户口调查的特殊性密不可分。1910年广东新安县依赖地方乡绅调查户口,与调查员郑善钧有纠纷的西乡乡绅郑文贯有意抗阻户口调查,不仅阻碍郑善钧获取经费,而且煽动妇女群起抵制。而官绅没有对新户籍制度、户口调查目的进行有效宣传,使得民众大多在既有经验中将户口调查理解为旨在征调赋税。此种认识在少数乡绅关于户口调查是为征税、抽捐的言论,以及当时地方官府多次加税加捐的行为中得到强化。故民众为了自身利益,群起抵制。在新安县多次出现妇女冲击县衙、围城,并要求停止调查户口的事件。最终新安县虽运用武力镇压、威慑完成户口调查,但数据的真实性值得怀疑,而民众也未改变对户口调查的既有认知。

During the reform(XinZheng)period in the late Qing,there was a general trend of opposition to household survey.It was not only related to the way the household survey was carried out in local areas,but also closely related to the particularity of household survey.In 1910,the implementation of the household survey relied on local gentry in Xin’an County in Guangdong province.Zheng Wenguan,a gentry in Xixiang who had disputes with investigator Zheng Shanjun,deliberately resisted the household survey.Thus,he hindered Zheng Shanjun from obtaining funds and incited a women’s boycott.Meanwhile,lack of effective propaganda of the purpose of household survey,the masses perceived the household survey as a tax collection based on their existing experience.This perception was reinforced in practice by the remarks of a few gentry that the survey was conducted for the purpose of levying taxes and likin,and by the local government’s policies regarding tax and likin increases.Therefore,the public resisted for their own interests.In Xin’an County,there had been many incidents of women storming county offices,besieging the city and demanding an end to the survey.In the end,Xin’an government used force to suppress,and completed the household survey.But its authenticity was questionable,and the public’s perception of the survey remained.