有机物料对马铃薯生长与土壤物理特性的影响

Effects of organic materials on potato growth and soil physical properties

针对黑土土壤粘重、耕性差、薯块带土率高、不利于机械收获等问题,研究秸秆还田(N_(1)PKS)、有机肥(N_(1)PKM)、单施化肥(N_(1)PK)和减氮(N_(2)PK)处理对马铃薯生长、养分吸收及对土壤结构的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田的N_(1)PKS处理与增施有机肥的N_(1)PKM处理分别促进了马铃薯膨大期和淀粉积累期植株与根系的生长;与单施化肥的N_(1)PK处理比较,N_(1)PKM、N_(1)PKS处理分别增产39.78%、16.95%,而氮肥减量的N_(2)PK处理马铃薯减产23.79%,N_(1)PKS和N_(1)PKM处理促进了马铃薯植株与块茎对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收与积累;增施有机肥在一定程度上也能够改善土壤的结构特性,提高土壤含水量及饱和含水量、降低土壤容重,但改良效果不如秸秆还田处理显著。

The effects of four treatments,including straw returning to the field(N_(1)PKS),organic fertilizer(N_(1)PKM),single fertilizer(N_(1)PK)and nitrogen reduction(N_(2)PK),on potato growth,nutrient absorption and soil structure were studied,which aimed at resolving the problems of black soil’s heavy texture,poor cultivability,potato harvested with more pasted soil,unfavorable to mechanical harvesting and providing a basis for soil fertility improvement in potato planting.The results showed that the growth of plants and roots in the potato swelling stage and starch accumulation stage were respectively promoted under the treatment of N_(1)PKS and N_(1)PKM treatment.Compared with N_(1)PK treatment,potato yields was increased by 39.78% and 16.95% under N_(1)PKM and N_(1) PKS,while reduced by 23.79% with N_(2)PK treatment.The absorption and accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients by potato plants and tubers were promoted under N_(1)PKS and N_(1)PKM treatments,which also improved the soil structural characteristics,including that soil moisture content and saturated moisture content were increased while soil bulk density was reduced,but the improvement effect of N_(1)PKM was not as significant as N_(1)PKS treatment.