中国收入分配改革:实践进展、面临困境与路径选择

China's Income Distribution Reform:Progress in Practice,Dilemmas and Path Choices

本文立足于收入分配的内涵及实践进展,深入剖析现阶段中国收入分配改革中面临困境,发现我国目前存在收入差距大及分配机制不健全两方面问题。其中,收入差距大体现在东西部地区、行业及城乡三个层面;分配机制不健全表现在初次分配不均衡及再分配调整作用微弱。进一步梳理国际收入分配改革的经验教训,提出中国特色的改革路径:以建立区域协调发展机制、加强中西部地区的基础设施建设等方式缩小区域收入差距;以实施人力资本提升计划、放松部分垄断行业准入机制等方式缩小行业收入差距;以消除劳动力市场分割,均衡城乡公共资源配置等方式缩小城乡收入差距;以提高居民初次收入分配比重、丰富居民收入渠道来源等方式健全初次分配制度;以持续推进税收体系改革、完善社会保障制度等方式优化再分配调节机制。

Based on the connotation and practical progress of income distribution,this paper deeply analyzes the dilemmas faced by China's income distribution reform at this stage,and finds that there are two problems in China,including large income gap and incomplete distribution mechanism.Among them,the large income gap is reflected in the three levels of eastern and western regions,industries,and urban and rural areas.The unsound distribution mechanism is manifested in the unbalanced primary distribution and weak redistribution adjustment.Further sorting out the experience and lessons of the international income distribution reform,this paper proposes a reform path with Chinese characteristics:Narrow the regional income gap by establishing a regional coordinated development mechanism and strengthening infrastructure construction in the central and western regions;Reduce industry income gaps by implementing human capital improvement plans and relaxing access mechanisms for certain monopolistic industries;Narrow the urban-rural income gap by eliminating labor market segmentation and balancing the allocation of urban and rural public resources;Improve the primary distribution system by increasing the proportion of residents'primary income distribution and enriching the sources of residents'income channels;Optimize the redistribution adjustment mechanism by continuously advancing the reform of the taxation system and improving the social security system.