融摄与排异:神秘主义的两种向度

Inclusion and Exclusion:Two Modes of Taoist Mysticism

本文尝试建立两种模式的神秘主义表达和思想方式——融摄和排异,说明道家和道教的神秘主义特色:从思想主题和思想方法而言,道家思想传统以融摄的诗性保持着思想与道体的密契,并排斥语言表达在认知和理解上的功能——通过不言之教强化神秘主义的色彩;与此相对,道教信仰传统则是通过实践知识和信仰真理的封闭性确立了信仰在师徒及教团内部的沟通,通过师徒及人神之间的神秘联系实现对公众及日常生活的排异,与此同时,神圣技术又能够指向包括日常生活在内的各种信仰需求,从而实现了对生活需求及民众福祉的涵括。道家和道教分别用融摄和排异的特质形成了自身的神秘主义特色。在道家和道教的观念和实践体系中,融摄与排异是紧密相关的,很大程度上是对于体验和真理的描述与体悟方式的“一体两面”式的展现,与此同时,融摄与排异也充分展现了西方宗教和学术中关于神秘主义内涵的定义。

The paper aims to explore the mystical characteristics of both philosophical Daoism and religious Daoism respectively.The author argues that there are two kinds of expressions of mysticism in Daoism,namely,exclusion and inclusion,on the basis of textual analysis of philosophical Daoist classics and interpretation of beliefs and practice of religious Daoism.The fundamental reason for that the Daoist school develops and relies on this mode of expression and thinking can be explained through its inclusivist philosophy centering around the concept of Dao.The inclusivist philosophy of the Daoist school provides conceptual foundations for pursuing transcendent existence.Transcendent state of being has two aspects,idea and practice.The mysticism in Daoist belief can he characterized as 44mystical expression of exclusion.