集部视野下的明代八股文文体考察

The Stylistic Investigation of the Eight-Part Essay in Ming Dynasty from the Perspective of Jibu

明代八股文文体与集部之间的关联,可从修辞、气度和写作风格三个层面加以考察。从修辞层面看,八股文脱胎于宋元经义,从其产生之初,就具有集部文化基因。成、弘年间,八股文吸收集部对偶、声律、用典等形式要素,融会贯通,最终形成了成熟完整的程式。在气度方面,集部也给予八股文极大启发,这集中体现在“以古文为时文”的理论及实践中。王鏊等在时文创作中融入古文的气格与章法,成就了一批八股文的典范之作,而尤为自觉而明确地“以古文为时文”的,是正德、嘉靖年间的唐宋派。个性化写作本是传统集部的一个特点,而在明末,八股文写作也涌现出一批个性分明的大家名家,如汤显祖、王思任、金声、陈际泰等,有感而发,所作带有鲜明的个人生活烙印或时代气息。

The relationship between the eight-part essay style and Jibu in the Ming Dynasty can be investigated from three aspects:rhetoric,tolerance and writing style.From the perspective of rhetoric,the eight-part essay was born out of the classics of the Song and Yuan dynasties.During the Chenghua and Hongzhi years,the eight-part essay absorbed the formal elements such as the duality of the collection,the rhythm,the allusion,etc.,integrated them,and finally formed a mature and complete program.In terms of tolerance,Jibu also gave great inspiration to the eight-part essay,which is embodied in the theory and practice of“taking ancient prose as the contemporary writing”.Wang Ao and others incorporated the style and composition of ancient prose into the creation of Shiwen,and achieved a number of model works of eight-part essays.It was the Faction of TangSong during the Zhengde and Jiajing years that especially consciously and clearly“took ancient prose as the contemporary writing”.Personalized writing is a feature of traditional Jibu,and at the end of the Ming Dynasty,eight-part essay writing also emerged with a group of distinguished masters,such as Tang Xian-zu,Wang Si-ren,Jin Sheng,Chen Ji-tai,etc.,distinctively branded in personal life or spirit of the times.