经与权:汉代官吏矫制行为考析

Rule and Adaptability:Textual Research and Analysis of Officials'“Jiao Zhi”in Han Dynasty

两汉时代,随着官吏惩戒制度的不断完善,矫制作为一项政治罪名正式出现在法律条文中,对官吏矫制罪的判罚作出了明确认定。汉代矫制行为涉及各层级官吏,矫制者最终受到的处罚与皇帝个人意志、各时期政治形势、统治策略、统治集团内部的纷争较量、社会的思想文化等因素密切相关。当矫制行为引发激烈论争之时,矫制者常常称引经义为自己的行为构筑思想之盾,朝臣们也以经义作为武器反驳和攻击矫制者。汉代矫制事件多发生在边地或自然灾害地区,边地将领和赈灾官吏较多的“便宜行事”之权和“怀义忘罪”的担当精神是促发矫制的深层因素。汉代矫制的立法分级,体现了行政运作中的经权之道。

In the Han Dynasty,with the continuous improvement of the official disciplinary system,“Jiao Zhi”(which means issuing imperial edict without the permission of the emperor)as a political crime officially appeared in the legal provisions,and the punishment of“Jiao Zhi”crime was clearly identified.The behavior of“Jiao Zhi”in Han Dynasty involves officials of all levels.The ultimate punishment of the“Jiao Zhi”is closely related to the emperor's personal will,the political situation of each period,the ruling strategy,the dispute within the ruling group,and the ideological and cultural factors of the society.When the“Jiao Zhi”behavior triggered fierce debates,the officials implementing“Jiao Zhi”often referred to the Confucian classics as the ideological shield for their behaviors,and the court officials also used the Confucian classics as weapons to refute and attack the“Jiao Zhi”officials.“Jiao Zhi”incidents in the Han Dynasty mostly occurred in border areas or areas with natural disasters,and the rights of“convenient operation”and the spirit of“remembering righteousness and forgetting crime”of border generals and disaster relief officials were the deep factors that promoted“Jiao Zhi”.The legislative classification of“Jiao Zhi”in the Han Dynasty reflected the way of rule and adaptability in administrative operation.