湖南省30个薄壳山核桃新品种经济性状比较分析

A Comparative Analysis of the Economic Characters of 30 Pecan Varieties in Hunan Province

【目的】以引种到湖南的30个不同薄壳山核桃(Caryaillinoensis)新品种为材料,筛选出适宜在湖南省发展的优良薄壳山核桃品种,为湖南省薄壳山核桃产业发展提供良种基础。【方法】选择树龄为9-10年的薄壳山核桃,测定其产量、种子横径、种子纵径、果形指数、种壳厚度、种子百粒质量、出仁率和种仁出油率等8个指标,用气相色谱法分析不同品种油脂的脂肪酸组成,最后采用主成分分析法进行综合评价。【结果】30个薄壳山核桃品种单株产量、种子形态、种仁出油率和脂肪酸组成等方面存在显著差异。30个薄壳山核桃品种测产表明,其单株产量在6-25 kg/株,单株产量达20 kg/株的品种有‘Wichita’‘Choctaw’‘Pawnee’‘Western’。薄壳山核桃品种中百粒质量最大的是‘Imperial’,与百粒质量最小的品种相差562.65 g。30个薄壳山核桃品种的种壳厚度在0.70-1.29 mm,平均值为1.02 mm,都容易取仁。测定分析不同品种种子横径、纵径和果形指数,发现‘Tejas’和‘Mahan’的种子纵径和横径最大,‘Apache’‘Elliot’‘Native’‘Brake’的种子纵径和横径都普遍小于其他品种。‘Sioux’‘Demas’‘Shawnee’‘Grapark’‘Mahan’的果形为狭长形,‘Elliot’为近圆形,其余品种都为椭圆形。薄壳山核桃种子出仁率在41.41%-65.15%,出仁率最高的品种为‘Pawnee’。‘Kanza’‘Shawnee’‘Chichasaw’‘黄山1号’的出仁率较低。30个品种的种仁含油率在54.36%-67.38%,其中‘Wichita’‘Imperial’‘Pawnee’‘金华’种仁含油率超过65%。测定30个薄壳山核桃品种油脂脂肪酸组成,发现薄壳山核桃油脂脂肪酸中油酸的含量最高,其次是亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚麻酸和花生酸。薄壳山核桃油中不饱和脂肪酸含量为80.16%-90.24%,其中单不饱和脂肪酸(油酸)占的比重最大,相对含量在60.09%-76.42%。对不同品种的14个经济性状指标进行主成分分析和综合评价,发现综合评分最高的为薄壳山核桃‘Pawnee’‘Imperial’‘金华’‘Choctaw’。【结论】薄壳山核桃‘Pawnee’‘Imperial’‘金华’‘Choctaw’既适合做坚果食用,又适合提取油脂,早实性好,适合在湖南进行推广应用。‘Apache’‘Elliot’‘Native’虽然目前产量较低,但均能正常生长结实,可以继续观测产量、花粉量和抗病性等相关指标,以备作为授粉品种、砧木或者研究材料使用。

[Objective]To select excellent varieties of C.illinoensis which are suitable for cultivation in Hunan Province,30 new Carya illinoensis varieties already planted in Hunan Province,were evaluated according to comprehensive assessment.[Method]Eight indexes,including yield,seed transverse diameter,seed longitudinal diameter,fruit shape index,seed shell thickness,100-seed weight,kernel yield and kernel oil yield of C.illinoensis trees aged 9-10 years were determined.The fatty acid compositions of different varieties of oils were analyzed by gas chromatography,and finally the comprehensive evaluation was made by principal component analysis.[Result]There were significant differences in yield,seed morphology,kernel oil yield and fatty acid composition per plant among the 30 C.illinoensis varieties.The yield per plant was 6-25 kg/plant,and the yield per plant of‘Wichita’,‘Choctaw’,‘Pawnee’and‘Western’reached 20 kg/plant.‘Imperial’has the largest 100-grain weight,which was 562.65 g heavier than that of the cultivar with the smallest 100-grain weight.The shell thickness of 30 C.illinoensis varieties ranged from 0.70 mm to 1.29 mm,with an average value of 1.02 mm,all of which were easy to take kernels.The longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of seeds of‘Tejas’and‘Mahan’were the largest,while those of‘Apache’,‘Elliot’,‘Native’and‘Brake’were generally smaller than those of others.The fruit shapes of‘Sioux’,‘Demas’,‘Shawnee’,‘Grapark’and‘Mahan’were long-narrow,that of‘Elliot’was nearly round,and those of others were oval.The kernel yield of C.illinoensis ranged from 41.41%to 65.15%,with the highest being‘Pawnee’,while the kernel yield of‘Kanza’,‘Shawnee’,‘Chichasaw’and‘Huangshan No.1’were lower than those of others.The oil yield of 30 varieties ranged from 54.36%to 67.38%,among which the oil yields of‘Wichita’,‘Imperial’,‘Pawnee’and‘Jinhua’exceeded 65%.Oleic acid was the highest fatty acid,followed by linoleic acid,palmitic acid,stearic acid,linolenic acid and arachidic acid.The content of unsaturated fatty acids in C.illinoensis oil was 80.16%-90.24%,among which monounsaturated fatty acids(oleic acid)accounted for the largest proportion,and the relative content was 60.09%-76.42%.According to principal component analysis and comprehensive evaluation of 14 economic characters of different varieties,it was found that C.illinoensis‘Pawnee’,‘imperial’,‘Jinhua’and‘Choctaw’had the highest comprehensive scores.[Conclusion]C.illinoensis‘Pawnee’,‘Imperial’,‘Jinhua’and‘Choctaw’are not only suitable for making edible nuts,but also for extracting oil and fat,with early fruiting property,which is suitable for popularization and application in Hunan Province.Although the yields of′‘Apache’,‘Elliot’and‘Native’are low at present,they can all grow and bear fruit normally,and their related indexes such as yield,pollen quantity and disease resistance need to be observed,they can be used as pollinators,rootstocks or research materials.