有机肥替代化肥对洱海抚仙湖流域烟田氮磷养分流失和烤烟经济效益的影响

Effects of Replacing Chemical Fertilizer with Organic Manure on N,P Nutrient Loss of Tobacco Field and Economic Benefits of Flue-Cured Tobacco in the Erhai and Fuxian Lake Basin

[目的]农业面源污染已成为地表水污染的重要来源,是全球主要环境问题之一。农田氮磷养分的大量流失是造成农业面源污染的主要原因之一,也是云南省湖泊流域面临的主要环境问题之一。为降低湖泊流域养分流失的同时保障湖泊流域烟区烟叶的优质生产,以高原湖泊洱海和抚仙湖流域烟田土壤为对象,探讨有机肥替代化肥对流域氮磷流失和烟叶生产的影响,为高原湖泊流域农业的可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法]采用原位测定的方法,在弥渡和澄江两个试验点观测了不同有机肥替代化肥比例(当地常规推荐化肥施用量处理CK、25%有机肥替代化肥处理M25、50%有机肥替代化肥处理M50、75%有机肥替代化肥处理M75和100%有机肥替代化肥处理M100)条件下氮磷养分流失特征,评价不同有机肥替代化肥条件下烟叶质量特征。[结果]弥渡和澄江两个点试验结果相一致,即CK、M25、M50、M75和M100处理的径流水、渗漏水的总流失量差异不显著;径流水的总氮流失量由小到大依次为M100、M75、M50、M25和CK;渗漏水结果与径流水基本保持一致。与CK相比,M25、M50、M75和M100处理的径流水总氮流失量分别降低了 14.73%~15.79%、20.84%~22.38%、19.90%~56.90% 和 36.57%~83.76%,渗漏水总氮流失量分别降低了 14.91%~36.70%、41.41%~48.81%、29.49%~37.50%和42.14%~67.11%。总磷流失量与总氮流失量结果一致,即有机肥替代化肥处理降低了渗漏水总磷流失量。弥渡点产量由小到大依次为M100、M75、M25、M50和CK,澄江点由小到大依次为:M100、CK、M75、M50和M25。弥渡点产值由小到大依次为:M100、CK、M25、M75、M50,澄江点由小到大依次为:M100、CK75、M50和M25。[结论]云南高原湖泊流域采用50%有机肥替代化肥方式在降低面源污染风险的同时能保障湖泊流域烟叶优质生产。

[Objective] Agricultural non-point source pollution is becoming an important issue of surface water pollution,which is one of the main global environmental problems.A large amount of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) nutrient loss of farmland is one of the main causes of agricultural non-point source pollution,and is an environmental problem of Lake Basin in Yunnan.Aiming to reduce the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient loss of tobacco farmland and protect water quality and increase the economic benefits of flue-cured tobacco in the tobacco production,the efficacy of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic manure was probed.[Method] A field experiment through two sites were carried out in Midu Country and Chengjiang Country in 2019 to evaluate the runoff and infiltration nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)loss and the economic benefits of flue-cured tobacco.Different treatments of organic manure replacing chemical fertilizer(local conventional recommended chemical fertilizer application treatment CK,25% organic manure replacing chemical fertilizer treatment M25,50% organic manure replacing chemical fertilizer treatment M50,75% organic manure replacing chemical fertilizer treatment M75 and 100% organic manure replacing chemical fertilizer treatment M100)were designed in the Erhai Lake basin and Fuxian Lake basin.The experiment was carried out on southern acidic paddy soil.The randomized block design was used and reduplicated 3 times.The nitrogen application rates were 75 kg/hm2,and the ratio of basal ferfilizer to topdressing fertilizer were 3:7 in the two sites.[Result]The results of the two field experiments suggested that:there was no significant difference in the total loss of runoff and infiltration amount among CK,M25,M50,M75,and M100 treatments.The total nitrogen loss and total phosphorus loss in terms of runoff and infiltration were M100 treatment<M75 treatment<M50 treatment<M25 treatment<CK treatment.Compared with CK treatment,the total nitrogen lossed of M25,M50,M75 and M100 treatments were reduced by 14.73%~15.79%,20.84%~22.38%,19.90%~56.90% and 36.57%~83.76% for runoff,and were reduced by 14.91%-36.70%,41.41%~48.81%,29.49%~37.50% and 42.14%~67.11% for infiltration,respectively.The yields were M100 treatment<M75 treatment<M25 treatment<M50 treatment<CK treatment in Midu country,and were M100 treatment<CK treatment<M75 treatment<M50 treatment<M25 treatment in Chengjiang country.The economic incomes were M100treatment<CK treatment<M25 treatment<M75 treatment<M50 treatment for Midu country,and were M100 treatment<CK treatment<M75 treatment<M50 treatment<M25 treatment for Chengjiang country.[Conclusion]The results suggested that 50% of organic manure replacing chemical fertilizer can intercept the total nitrogen,phosphorus nutrient loss in terms of runoff and infiltration,and increase the yield and economic income of flue-cured tobacco,which provides references for tobacco production and controlling agricultural non-point source pollution in the lake basin.