北欧五国北极安全合作的特点、动力与困境

Nordic countries’cooperation in Arctic security:mechanisms,mo⁃tivations and difficulties

随着大国政治进入北极,以及北极军事演习的常态化,安全合作正得到北欧国家的重视。北欧国家北极安全合作呈现机制化特点,合作安全、综合安全、全面防御概念得到充分实践。北欧理事会、北欧五国外长会议和北欧防务合作等机制间的协调型互动为北欧北极安全合作提供了便利。共同的外部安全威胁、北极安全目标相似、成本—效益的考量、北欧身份认同带来的互信构成了北欧国家北极安全合作的动力。但北欧各国北极安全策略仍存在差异,合作呈现“非正式性”且缺乏领导力,并常让位于北约和欧盟框架下的安全合作,这些构成了五国北极安全合作的困境。在动力和困境交织下,北欧国家的安全合作仍将有助于在北极安全格局中平衡大国,促进北极和平与稳定。

As great powers entering the politics in the Arctic,along with the increasing number of military exercises in the region,security cooperation hasgainedhigh attention among Nordic countries.Nordic cooperation in Arctic security has beeninstitutionalized. The concepts of Cooperative Security,Comprehensive Security and Total Defense are fully put into practice. Coordinated interactions viamechanisms such as the Nordic Council,the Nordic Foreign Ministers’Meeting and Nordic Defense Cooperation have facilitated security cooperation. Similar priorities in Arctic issues,convergent cost-benefit considerations,shared culture and values under the"Nordic identity",and changes in the surrounding security environment are all driving the Nordic countries to strengthen Arctic security cooperation. However,there are still differences in security strategies amongthe Nordic countries. The present Nordic security cooperationlacks leadership or formality. At the same time,Nordic security cooperation has usually been replacedbyaction of NATO or the European Union. These challenges caused difficultiesin Nordic Arctic security cooperation. With opportunities and challenges,Nordic cooperation in Arctic security can contribute to the balance of power between great powers and the promotionof peace and stability in the Arctic.