燃料电池中铂基电催化剂的设计与合成

Design and preparation of platinum-based electrocatalysts for fuel cells

燃料电池具有高能量转化效率、低环境污染等优势,近年来备受关注。然而,阴极氧还原反应和阳极小分子氧化反应成为燃料电池产业化的瓶颈,包括催化剂制备成本高、催化活性低和稳定性差等问题。如何设计高效、稳定的燃料电池催化剂,对于进一步推动燃料电池的应用十分关键,而发展先进的铂(Pt)基电催化剂是最为有效的途径之一。相比于单金属铂纳米晶,铂基无序合金和有序金属间化合物具有独特的物理化学特性,被认为是研究金属电催化剂结构-性能的理想模型。本文综述了高活性、高稳定性的铂基电催化剂的研究现状,首先阐述了铂基电催化剂的催化活性和稳定性的增强机制,着重介绍了铂基合金的调控因素与可控合成,进一步总结了铂基有序金属间化合物的制备策略。最后,对铂基电催化剂的未来发展方向进行了讨论及展望,以期为燃料电池中电催化剂的发展开拓新思路。

Fuel cells(FCs)have attracted increasing attention owing to their high energy conversion efficiency and low pollution.However,the bottleneck problems of high cost,low activity and poor stability that are related to the cathodic reduction reaction and anodic oxidation reaction of small molecule substances,have seriously hindered the industrialization of FCs.Therefore,designing efficient and stable catalysts for FCs is very important to further realize their industrial application.Interestingly,advanced platinum(Pt)-based electrocatalysts could be the most effective and important solution.Different from the monometallic Pt nanocrystals,the Pt-based disordered alloy and the ordered intermetallic nanocrystal have some unique and intriguing physicochemical properties,and thus are regarded as the ideal models for exploring the structure-property relationship of metal electrocatalysts.This review summarizes the recent advances in Pt-based electrocatalysts with high activity and stability.First,we introduce the catalytic activity and stability enhancement mechanism for transition metal(M)and Pt.Further,we highlight the regulatory factors and controlled synthesis of Pt-based alloys,and describe the synthetic strategies of intermetallic compounds in detail.Finally,the current challenges and future development directions of the Pt-based electrocatalysts are discussed and outlined to provide new ideas for the development of electrocatalysts.