盖伦在《论希波克拉底与柏拉图的学说》中对克吕西波斯灵魂学说的反驳

Galen's Refutation to Chrysippus on the Soul in De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis

灵魂问题的探讨,是古希腊哲学的一个重要议题。涉及灵魂,则必然涉及身体。当哲学家们谈论灵魂的时候,不可避免地会预设一些关于身体的知识,并往往以此作为讨论的前提。而相关知识的来源,则有赖于当时的医学认识水平。这时医生们便可以宣布他们在认识身体构造和身体功能方面具有更高的权威。于是这里牵涉到了哲学与医学相互交集的地方。众所周知,古希腊哲学与医学有着密不可分的关系。研究古希腊医学,必须对古希腊哲学有所了解。反之亦然。本文着眼于一位古希腊医生与一位斯多亚哲学家关于灵魂和身体的争论,通过研究他们对于同一问题的不同认识方式,从而揭示古代医学与哲学之间的有趣互动。

The relationship of body and soul was always an important topic in ancient Greek philosophy.Chrysippus established a theory based on“pneuma”,which unified the body and the soul.This doctrine and its methology were fiercely critized by Galen.In fact,Galen also used“pneuma”as the basic matter for the understanding of the soul,but he gave different explanations on the mechanism of its formation,which was not only based on his own philosophy,but also his own un-derstandingofphysiologyandanatomy.