美国湿地补偿银行制度经验对我国滨海湿地生态补偿的启示

The American experience of wetland compensation bank system and its enlightenment on coastal wetland ecological compensation in China

近年来,我国在滨海湿地保护和修复方面开展了一些实践,出台了一些政策,取得了不少经验和成效。然而,对于滨海湿地的补偿制度仍未建立。美国湿地补偿银行制度已顺利运行逾30年,其相关做法值得借鉴。本文通过梳理美国湿地银行运行经验,分析我国开展滨海湿地银行的可行性,并基于当下国情提出建立和发展滨海湿地银行制度的对策建议,以期为破解当前我国滨海湿地保护修复资金困境、规范湿地运维管理以及制定湿地修复、补偿标准等提供参考。研究指出,美国湿地银行的成功运行依赖于其完善的法律制度保障、成熟的市场化机制与先进的技术经验。而我国目前在制度、技术等层面都与美国有一定的差距。因此,建议在围填海存量完全消化之前,可先将美国相关技术与经验转化用于我国海域有偿使用制度改革,提高国家重大战略用海项目的补偿成本,待围填海禁令解除之后再启动滨海湿地银行机制,并纳入全国湿地银行制度进行统一实施。

In recent years, China has carried out some practices and policies in the protection and restoration of coastal wetlands, and achieved a lot of experience and achievements.However, the compensation system for coastal wetlands has not yet been established.The wetland compensation bank system in the United States has been running smoothly for more than 30 years, and its relevant practices are worth learning.Based on the current situation of China’s coastal wetlands, this paper analyzes the current situation of coastal wetlands, and puts forward suggestions for the development of China’s coastal wetlands, in order to solve the current coastal wetland conservation and restoration fund dilemma, standardize wetland operation and maintenance management, and formulate wetland restoration and compensation standards and so on.The research points out that the successful operation of American wetland bank depends on its perfect legal system, mature market mechanism and advanced technical experience.At present, there is a certain gap between China and the United States in terms of system and technology.Therefore, it is suggested that before the reclamation stock is fully digested, the relevant technology and experience of the United States can be applied to the reform of the paid use system of China’s sea areas, so as to increase the compensation cost of major national strategic sea use projects.After the lifting of the reclamation ban, the coastal wetland banking system can be started and incorporated into the national wetland bank system for unified implementation.